curKeyID:         curKeyType:

1448247698_-Selected_list_of_Classical_Latin_and_Vulgar_Lati

Revision 215478285 at Wed May 28 13:24:36 CEST 2008 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 UNIQUE_ fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico, post-classical

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella,

"eat"

edere  

-

com-edere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mănînc (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  

-

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese de, Italian da

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

-

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

"huge"

ingēns  

-

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vîna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna (post-classical)  

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.",, Portuguese foro "court"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin)

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto', Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechiu, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido, all of them learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"river"

flūmen  

-

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu; but cf. Italian fiume

"rock"

saxum  

-

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

-

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto,

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

-

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

-

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese ciosa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

-

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

-

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus  

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow", first attested in Silver Latin

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, orignally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

*wurkiō (Germanic)  

French garçon, hence Italian garzone, Spanish garzón, Portuguese garçao

*racātius? (obscure, perhaps Arabic)  

Italian ragazzo

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

com-edere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  

-

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

*racātia?  

Italian ragazza, from ragazzo (see "boy")

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

-

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

-

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.",, Portuguese foro "court"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin)

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido, all of them learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

-

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

-

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

-

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

-

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

-

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese ciosa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

-

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

-

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, orignally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  

-

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

-

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

-

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.",, Portuguese foro "court"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin)

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido, all of them learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

-

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

-

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

-

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

-

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

-

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese ciosa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

-

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

-

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, orignally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  

-

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

-

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

-

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.",, Portuguese foro "court"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin)

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido, all of them learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

-

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

-

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

-

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

-

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

-

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese ciosa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

-

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

-

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, orignally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

-

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese ciosa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

-

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

-

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta, Spanish cuidar

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

-

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

-

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dosso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

-

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione Spanish región are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir

"door"

forēs  

-

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong"

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first springs"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta, Spanish cuidar

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike"

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese doc, Italian dorso, Romanian dos in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

- Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta, Spanish cuidar

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian plânge

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese/Romanian dos, Italian dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

- Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta, Spanish cuidar

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian plânge

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

Revision 231996295 at Fri Aug 15 01:12:13 CEST 2008 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish/Portuguese todo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Portuguese/Romanian dos, Italian dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

-

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian bello

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian ucello, Portuguese auzel, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic

"breathe"

spīrāre  

-

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

- Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

-

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window")

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespero, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară

"fat"

pinguis  
crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

-

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form)

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese ort

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

-

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a)

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese egoa, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

- Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

-

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

-

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

-

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

-

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi

fluvius  

French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

-

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese palrar

"spear"

hasta  

- Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado'

spatha (Greek\Persian)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Romanian cugeta, Spanish cuidar

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar, probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Italian comprendere, Spanish/Portuguese comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué

"wide"

lātus  

Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

- Italian lamentarsi

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian plânge

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Italian moglie, Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame, Italian donna, Romanian doamnă originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Spanish/Portuguese palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese lavrar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

-

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breath; to blow; to exale; to be alive)

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Portuguese urbe (learned), Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, Italian bambina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese égua, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguuese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto,Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat"

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek\Persian)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctu  

Portuguese prantear', Spanish llanto(noun), French plaindre

plangere  

Portuguese planger', Romanian plânge

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk); (English palaver)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breath; to blow; to exhale; to be alive)

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

French changer, Italian cambiare, Spanish cambiar, Romanian schimba, not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Portuguese urbe (learned), Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vesperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, Italian bambina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese égua, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguuese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek\Persian)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctu  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun), French plaindre

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a houshold, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk); (English palaver)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breath; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Portuguese urbe (learned), Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, Italian bambina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese égua, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguuese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek\Persian)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctu  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun), French plaindre

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk); (English palaver)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere (French quérir "fetch", Spanish/Portuguese querer "want")

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "meaning"

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Romanian mic, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breath; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, Romanian respira, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Portuguese urbe (learned), Romanian urbe (learned?)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma, Romanian prună

""field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan/Romanian aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Ctalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, Italian bambina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

*helmus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equus  

Spanish yegua, Portuguese égua, Romanian iapă, "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Italian/Portuguese cavallo, Spanish caballo, Romanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral"

casa  

French chez, "at the house of > at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguuese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Romanian moşie

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

-

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla; but cf. Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

- Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

- Italian fune, Romanian funie

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança, Romanian lance

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, literally "first summer"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

- Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek\Persian)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spadă

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in, Romanian însemna

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

- Italian giacere

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender (Romanian cuprinde "comprise")

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctu  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun), French plaindre

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison", Romanian palavre (long talk); (English palaver)

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa & in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breath; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  
oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain")

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian rosu

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian rosu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch"

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar(touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

-

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian rosu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo,

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino,

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad),

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian rosu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian rîu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause"

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar,

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

-

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos

bellus  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo,

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino,

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad),

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo,

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino,

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad),

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Aromanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo,

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino,

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad),

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian caş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian oaste, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Aromanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian joc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costa and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro, loiro/loura, loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo,

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino,

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad),

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian june, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

-

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  
iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta -

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian giuoco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

-

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

-

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian june, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enourmous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan vell, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish tonga "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian larg, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim

hoc  

French oui

Revision 271450079 at Wed Feb 18 00:20:42 CET 2009 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie(meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna(meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto, garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro and Spanish morocho, Romanian maro

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Spanish hombre, Portuguese homem, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

Frank. baro merged with Lat. vir  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Italian rena, Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Italian infermo, Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Spanish/Portuguese prender, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

Frank. baro merged with Lat. vir  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forēs  

Portuguese fora (outside)

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish taňer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis  

Italian ogni

tōtus  

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra  

-

altāria  

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre  

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (to seek)  

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre  

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

Classical inquirere > inquaerere, Vulgar Latin alteration  

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc  

French oui

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

blundus/blunda O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*bab- (radical)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" wich merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve, Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish?) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

matiō Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (imitative)  

French toucher, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc  

French oui

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

-

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian inverno, Spanish invierno, Portuguese inverno, Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen, Galician neno

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow,", vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." perhaps from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen, Galician neno

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese",

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs(adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

*ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Italian mimmo, Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, Catalan nen, Galician neno

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "prince"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the normal meaning in the other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpi­tan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzel/avicelo/avícula, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavrar/labutar, Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate"

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake";

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin. Origin unknown)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Romanian blond/blondă, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese menino, nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón, Romanian maro

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Romanian bronzat, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin from Old High German grōz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey"

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form)

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil)

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word)

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra, Romanian parolă (meaning password), in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician magno

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin from Old High German grōz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress", Spanish dama and doña

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno, tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin from Old High German grōz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra, Portuguese fêmea, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame); originally "female head of a household, mistress", Spanish dama and doña

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno, tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin from Old High German grōz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si, Romanian și

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno, tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Jewish (Sephardic) moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Low Latin from Old High German grōz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

'gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"; Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian/Moldavian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

Portuguese viço

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian/Moldavian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic, from Frankish) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *khamiðjan, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian/Moldavian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *hamiþijaN, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian/Moldavian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib) etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French ocire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned)

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book) or hârtie, Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *hamiþijaN, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib), French côte, etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda)

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter)

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive")

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions)

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside")

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army"

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

-

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

French occire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper,

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness)

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *hamiþijaN, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

-

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta,

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib), French côte, etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda), Italian buono

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

italian/Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian "rinvenire"

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Italian "pugnare"

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

French occire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *hamiþijaN, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

Italian "egro"

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar, Italian "confabulare"

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta, Italian "cogitare"

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua, Italian "implorare", "deplorare"

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair), Italian "fulvo"

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Italian tutto, Spanish todo, Portuguese/Galician todo/tudo, Romanian tot

"altar"

āra Classical

altāria (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan rogar, Romanian ruga, Italian rogatoria

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Romanian întreba (French interroger, Italian interrogare, Spanish/Portuguese interrogar are learned forms)

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Romanian cere, change of meaning in French quérir "fetch" and in Spanish/Portuguese/Galician querer "want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Catalan demanar, Macedo-Romanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Provençal enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Italian inquírere, Portuguese/Spanish inquirir, [English inquire/enquire, Middle English enquiren]

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dorsum -

French/Catalan/Romanian dos, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

costa -

Portuguese costas and in the Spanish phrase " a cuestas" ("on one's back"); otherwise in the Romance languages the word did not develop the meaning of "back", but rather stayed closer to the Classical meanings; see Spanish cuesta (slope), Italian costa (coast, slope, rib), Portuguese costa (coast) and costela (rib), Romanian coastă (side, rib), French côte, etc.

spatula -

Portuguese espádua, Portuguese/Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto, "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

*beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Romanian frumos (with good forms, good configuration, shape, contour, outline)

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

bonus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician bonito (diminutive of bonus, "good" same way as in Latin bellus from bonus) German Bonite, English bonito (fish of the genus Sarda), Italian buono

"begin"

conārī  

-

incipere  

Romanian începe

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish magno (learned form), tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician ave

*avicellus/avicella/avicula (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Italian uccello, Portuguese auzelo/avicelo/avícula/avezinha, Catalan aucel

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Portuguese soprar/suflar, Spanish soplar, from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar/acaptar ("to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

italian/Portuguese/Spanish felino (learned word)

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian calderone, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeirão/caldeira from calidus, "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian seară, Megleno-Romanian sĕră, Istro-Romanian sĕre, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese/Galician grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

Italian penna, Portuguese/Galician pena, Romanian pană, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian peană, Istro-Romanian pęnę

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician campo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian câmp, Megleno-Romanian cǫmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, Macedo-Romanian luftă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian "rinvenire"

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Italian "pugnare"

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese/Galician ceva/cevo and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea at", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan casa, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian casă, Istro-Romanian cǫse; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione ("work") in Classical Latin "a halt on a journey", Spanish mansión

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish ingente ("enormous"), Italian ingente ("numerous")

ēnormis  

French énorme, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enorme, Romanian enorm

"hunt"

vēnārī  

French vener, Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Portuguese venatar(learned form, influenced by venatus), veadar (to hunt deers)

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish cazar, Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

enecāre  

French noyer, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown"

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician matar, originally "to sacrifice", "immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

French occire, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Macedo-Romanian baş

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă, also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"male"

mās  

-

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic *hamiþijaN, cf. Germ. Hemd "shirt") Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă; with learned -i- (from the ecclesiastical language): French chemise, Italian camicia, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese camisa

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese/Galician curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

Italian "egro"

dolente  

Portuguese/Galician doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese/Galician falar, Italian confabulare/favellare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Italian parlare, hence Spanish parlar, Portuguese parlar/palrar/parolar

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian/Macedo-Romanian fuşte, Megleno-Romanian fuşt (cf. Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask")

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, "summer"

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Galician/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

Romanian cimitir

makjō (Germanic, from Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon, Spanish masón, Portuguese maçom/mação

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician cogitar (to cogitate, to meditate, to infer, to reflect) and cuidar (to care, to take care; to suppose), Romanian cugeta, Italian "cogitare"

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician pensar

"throw"

iacere  

Italian giacere, Portuguese jazer (to be laid), Romanian zăcea, Spanishyacer

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

French demain, Italian domani, Spanish mañana, Portuguese amanhã, Romanian mâine, originally "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua, Italian "implorare", "deplorare"

"white"

albus  

Portuguese alvo, albino, Romanian alb, Spanish/Galician albo. (English/German/French/Italian/Spanish albino < Portuguese albino)

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese/Galician branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Italian/Portuguese/Galician inverno, Spanish invierno, , Catalan invern, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian iarnă, Istro-Romanian iǫrnę, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra (female), Portuguese fêmea (female), Romanian femeie

mulier  

Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Italian moglie (meaning wife), Spanish mujer, Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona (meaning woman), French dame (meaning lady/dame), Italian donna (meaning woman), Portuguese dona and dama (meaning lady/dame), Romanian doamnă (meaning lady/dame), Spanish dama and doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

French parole, Italian parola, Portuguese palavra/parábola, Spanish palabra/parábola, in Silver Latin "a comparison"

"work"

labōrāre  

Italian lavorare, Spanish labrar, Catalan llaurar, Portuguese laborar/lavorar/lavrar/labutar (labutar = blend of labōrāre and luctāri), Provençal lavorar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Romanian treabă (noun)

lucrāri  

Romanian lucra, "to plough" or "to cultivate", but Italian lucràre, Portuguese/Spanish lucrar (to profit), French lucre (noun)

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish flavo, flavícomo (fair hair), Italian "fulvo"

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo, fulvícomo (fair hair)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French jaune, Italian giallo, Romanian galben, Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian galbin, originally "greenish-yellow"

amarus/dim. amarellus  

Portuguese/Galician amarelo, Spanish amarillo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si

hoc illud  

French oui, Occitan oc

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête)

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely, having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Occitan soflar, Spanish sollar (Montaña asuellar), from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian "rinvenire"

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Italian "pugnare"

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chainse "canvas"

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id."

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer "to lay", Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua, Italian "implorare", "deplorare"

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair"

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question)

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimânda

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête)

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic)

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely, having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Occitan soflar, Spanish sollar (Montaña asuellar), from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

Spanish muchacho (boy/lad)

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Macedo-Romanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer, Italian respirare, Romanian respira, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, French marron)  

French marron, Italian marrone, Portuguese marrom, Spanish marrón (Romanian maro is a modern loan)

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu, Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé, Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Ro schimba, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange"

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic; in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian "rinvenire"

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian/Romanian turbare) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Italian "pugnare"

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Catalan foc

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", Romanian forţă

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a, Romanian curte (<cohors, cohortis)

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, Romanian grădină

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fiică, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romania căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Macedo-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, originally "bring under control"

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca,

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Macedo-Romanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chainse "canvas"

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id."

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, originally "first spring"

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain"

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (has got another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-'

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer "to lay", Romanian zăcea

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Romanian ploua, Italian "implorare", "deplorare"

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă, Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair"

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question)

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c 401ef086-4d5a-4f0f-ba6e-09256e831343

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Spanish/Romanian altar

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête)

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish sollar (Montaña asuellar), from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain"), Spanish aceptar

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Portuguese/Galician fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janella "window/opening", Galician xanela)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma, Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz; Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio, French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish, Portuguse, Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear, Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger, Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish lato, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair"

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête)

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish sollar (Montaña asuellar), from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno (a reintroduction) and Galician xornal, Portuguese/Spanish jornal 'daily'.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger (learned form), Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair" (learned forms), Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian 'sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish sollar (Montaña asuellar), from flāre with prefix sub

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno (a reintroduction) and Galician xornal, Portuguese/Spanish jornal 'daily'.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger (learned form), Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair" (learned forms), Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno (a reintroduction) and Galician xornal, Portuguese/Spanish jornal 'daily'.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger (learned form), Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair" (learned forms), Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

juvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno (a reintroduction) and Galician xornal, Portuguese/Spanish jornal 'daily'.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger (learned form), Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair" (learned forms), Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan jorn, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician diurno (a reintroduction) and Galician xornal, Portuguese/Spanish jornal 'daily'.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora ("outside"), Spanish fuera ("outside"), Romanian afară ("outside"), Italian fuori "outside"

iānua  

Logudorese yanna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ (Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella)

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lay", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare, Romansch giaschair

iactāre  

French jeter, Italian gettare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch", [ French atteindre, Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), English attain, Middle English atteignen, from Old French ataindre, ataign-, to reach to, from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înţelege, Portuguese inteligir

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra

"weep"

lamentāre  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lamentar, Italian lamentarsi

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Portuguese planger (learned form), Romanian plânge, French plaindre, Italian piangere

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese/Galician chorar, Catalan plorar, Italian implorare, deplorare

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian femeie

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair" (learned forms), Italian fulvo

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Ligurian giaunu, Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Ladin ghel, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo

amārellus  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

Portuguese puer (used as a learned form in several languages, and in derivates such as pueril), (Romanian prunc "baby" may derive from a diminutive form *puerunculus)

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus, min'mus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

gars (French<Germanic) Frank. *wrakjo  

Old French garçun, French garçon, Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone

ragazium(Greek = rake)  

Italian ragazzo

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek=bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz (lad)

musteus  

Portuguese moço (lad, young man), Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo (lad, young man),

ciccum  

Spanish chico/chicoco

mutilus  

possibly Spanish muchacho (boy/lad), which may come from mocho

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

paidion (Greek diminutive of pais, paid, child)  

French page, Italian paggio, paggetto, Portuguese pagem, Spanish paje

*babe, *baban (Germanic, from English, influenced by French proper noun Bébé)  

French bébé, Italian bebè, Portuguese bebé, bebê, Spanish bebé, Catalan bebè, Romanian bebeluş (borrowing from French)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar (to breathe; to blow; to exhale; "to be alive"), Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

bronzium  

French bronzé (later borrowing), Italian abbronzato, Portuguese bronzeado, Spanish bronceado (bronzed, suntanned) (Romanian bronzat is a modern loan)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue

crassus > *grassus Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus (Germanic, from Old High German grōz, from Germanic *grautaz)  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō/ Ac. hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

baro (Frank. merging with Lat. vir)  

Spanish/Galician varón, Old Spanish varone, Portuguese varão, Provençal bar, barò (English baron comes from Old French baron < Frank. baro "freeman, man, husband;" which merged with cognate Old English beorn "nobleman". Late Latin baro, baronem gave French baron, arc. ber, Italian barone, Portuguese barão, Spanish barón, Romanian baron, which was a later borrowing from French)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

Revision 525946723 at Sun Dec 02 01:37:49 CET 2012 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

Revision 526094130 at Mon Dec 03 01:15:10 CET 2012 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baş/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguse/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baş/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caş, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫş, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forţă neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpăţână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian ţeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baş/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian şti, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaşte (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roşu, Megleno-Romanian roş, Istro-Romanian roiş, Macedo-Romanian aroş/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămaşă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuşte, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste , Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla , Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell , Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur -- a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Sardinian kèrrere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of")

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian "dolente"

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian "infermo"

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition"

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)"

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushe" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus), Galician vedraño 'old men' (to veteranu)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

Revision 575791878 at Sat Oct 05 00:36:59 CEST 2013 Diff at Wikipedia Position: 0

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushe" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cash, Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, hence Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, hence Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, hence Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī  

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere  

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro" ,Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and"

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" altough it is rarely used and "e" is more common.


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

gars (French < Germanic, Frank. *wrakjo)  

French garce, garcette, Galician garoto, Portuguese garota, garçonete

"head"

caput  

French chef, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo, Catalan/Romanian cap; in and Italian capo; outside of Romanian, the word has taken a metaphorical meaning, "leader" and the like (also cf. Romanian căpetenie, "chieftain") [Capitain/Chief (fr) Lat.: CAPITANEUS/Caput= Fr.: capitaine, chef (caput) It.: capitano, capo Pt.: capitão, capitâneo, chefe (fr) Ro.: căpitan, căpetenie Sp.: capitán, jefe (fr)]

*capetia  

Spanish/Galician cabeza, Portuguese cabeça, Romanian căpățână

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo, Spanish dueño, Don, Portuguese/Galician dono (to dominus)

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge ( Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accomodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

-

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Romanian și and Aromanian shi "and" although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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3e925e08-22e8-40a3-86d0-44f17379f1e4 fb8a8785-5f3a-4947-ac40-fd67ce571294 2c981756-5b1f-4275-9a3e-334b99f996f1 b40fd0f0-2d19-4090-87d5-4c3b055b711c

English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

-

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. prononced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish/Portuguese todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella/puellae  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

"porkus"

pig

dispendere ||   ||  Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")
pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu.

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela"window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian "rena"

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian "ostentare"

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar(*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian "cute"

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado', Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese "docente" (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian "femore"

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanishyacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto(noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi and although it is rarely used and "e" is more common.

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

French autel, Italian altare, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Old French rover, Italian rogare, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Old French enterver, Italian interrogare, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Friulian domandâ, Italian domandare, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espalda, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

French bec, Italian becco, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

French beau, Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Italian cominciare, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Italian uccello, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

French livre,Spanish libro, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"),Italian "libro", Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo, Italian mozzo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

French châtain, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju), Spanish castaño

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

French chat, Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian "libro", French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian "libru"

charta(original "papyrus")  

Italian "carta", Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Catalan/Portuguese rosto "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian "libro", French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian "libru"

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian "carta", Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician país, Catalan pahis

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Sp/Pt/Gl tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noy(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan ome, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan invern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common


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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face",Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian "libro", French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian "carta", Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic), Sardinain dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, talian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia)

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

- Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian "papiro"

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian "celere"

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian "vermiglio"

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish rocca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face",Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian libro, French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino, bimbo

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, castagno, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic, colloquial), Sardinan dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da (< de ab) and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader, head"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia), Italian cuffia "cap, bonnet", now also "headphone"

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian magione, mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian papiro

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian celere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian vermiglio

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río, Italian/Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish roca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian libro, French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino, bimbo

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, castagno, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regiō  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian (archaic, colloquial), Sardinan dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da (< de ab) and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader, head"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia), Italian cuffia "cap, bonnet", now also "headphone"

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian magione, mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian papiro

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian celere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian vermiglio

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río, Italian/Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish roca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian libro, French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino, bimbo

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, castagno, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regione(m)  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Sardinan dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da (< de ab) and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader, head"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia), Italian cuffia "cap, bonnet", now also "headphone"

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus (Celtic)  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian magione, mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian papiro

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian celere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian vermiglio

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río, Italian/Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish roca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian libro, French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino, bimbo

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, castagno, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regione(m)  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Sardinan dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da (< de ab) and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader, head"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia), Italian cuffia "cap, bonnet", now also "headphone"

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian magione, mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian papiro

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian celere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian vermiglio

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned)

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río, Italian/Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish roca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si

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English meaning

Latin form

Ancient instances

Modern Romance inherited forms

"all"

omnis (the whole number, the entire) Both

Italian/Friulian ogni, Sardinian (d)onzi

tōtus (the whole, not the part) Both

French tout, Romansh tut, Friulian dut, Italian tutto, Sardinian tottu, Occitan/Catalan/Romanian tot, Aromanian tut, Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo/todo

"altar"

āra Classical

altārium (diminutive) Vulgar, St. Jerome

Italian altare, French autel, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Romanian/Catalan altar, but Galician/Portuguese outeiro 'hill, high place'.

"ask"

rogāre (beg, demand) Both

Italian rogare, Old French rover, Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese rogar, Romanian ruga

interrogāre (interrogate) Both

Italian interrogare, Old French enterver, Occitan antervar, Asturian entrugar, Romanian întreba, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan interrogar

quaerere (seek) Both

Italian chiedere, Occitan querre, Romanian cere, but French quérir "to fetch" and Spanish/Portuguese querer "to want"

dēmandāre (put in the charge of) Both

French demander, Italian domandare, Friulian domandâ, Catalan demanar, Spanish/Portuguese demandar, Aromanian dimãndu, dimãndare, (Romanian dimânda probably a later creation)

inquirere>
inquaerere
Classical>
Vulgar

Old French/Occitan enquerre, French enquérir (enquête), Portuguese inquirir

"back"
(anatomy)

tergum  

Italian terga, Portuguese tergo

dossum (dorsum) -

French/Occitan/Catalan/Romanian dos, Romansh dies, Friulian duès, Italian dosso or dorso, Portuguese/Spanish dorso, in Classical Latin normally "the horizontal back of an animal"

spathae -

Italian spada, Spanish espada, Romanian spate

"beak"

rōstrum  

Italian rostro, Spanish rostro, Portuguese rosto "face", Catalan rostre "face", Romanian rost "mouth" (archaic), now with the more abstract sense of "scope, purpose"

beccus (Gaulish) Reichenau glosses

Italian becco, French bec, Catalan bec, Spanish pico, Portuguese bico

"beautiful"

pulcher  

Portuguese/Spanish pulcro, Italian pulcro

fōrmōsus  

Spanish hermoso, Galician fermoso, Italian/Portuguese formoso, Calabrian fumusu, Occitan formos, Romanian frumos "shapely; having a nice figure".

bellus (diminutive of bonus)  

Italian/Spanish bello, Portuguese belo, French beau.

"begin"

conārī

Friulian čugnâsi "to begin to move, stir"

incipere

Romanian începe, Romansh entschaiver

*cominitiāre  

Portuguese começar, Italian cominciare, French commencer, Romansh cumanzer, Friulian comenčâ, Spanish comenzar, from cum + initiāre "initiate"

"big"

magnus  

Sicilian magnu, Sardinian mannu, Portuguese/Spanish tamanho/tamaño, Romanian mare

grandis  

French grand, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese grande, Catalan gran

"bird"

avis  

Spanish/Portuguese ave, Catalan au, Pugliese avs

avicellus (diminutive)  

Italian uccello, French oiseau, Romansh utschè, Friulian ucel, Catalan aucel, Portuguese auzelo

passer  

Spanish pájaro, Portuguese pássaro, Romanian pasăre, originally "sparrow" (so Italian passero, French passereaux, Friulian pàssare, Romansh pasler, Occitan paser, Catalan passara)

"blond/blonde"

*blundus/blunda (Germanic *blundaz) O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus, from Frank. *blund. 

French blond/e, Italian biondo/bionda, Portuguese blondícomo/a, flavícomo/a (Romanian blond/blondă is a modern loan)

laurus/laura (laurel color, bay leaf hair person)  

Galician louro, loura, Portuguese louro/loiro, loura/loira, laurícomo/laurícoma, Romanian laur (as noun, meaning "laurel" or "jimsonweed")

"blow"

flāre  

-

sufflāre  

French souffler, Romansh suflar, Italian soffiare, Romanian sufla, Aromanian suflu, suflare, Occitan soflar, Spanish soplar, Portuguese soprar

"book"

librum  

Spanish libro, Italian libro, French livre, Aromanian libru ("Chronicle"), Sardinian libru, Catalan llibre

charta (original "papyrus")  

Italian carta, Romanian carte, Aromanian carti

cōdex  

Romansch:Sur./Grisch. cudesch, Romansch:Friul.Vall. codesch

"boy"

puer  

-

ninnus (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niño, Portuguese nini, nenê, nenén, ninar (to rock and to lull to sleep), Catalan nen, Galician neno, Italian nino, ninnolo, ninna ninnàre (to rock and to lull to sleep)

minimus  

Italian mimmo, Portuguese menino, mimo, mimoso, Spanish mimo, menino-a (chaperone, squire, esquire, page, a court maid of honour as in Velázquez's painting, from Pt.: small child)

*wrakkio (Frankish)  

Old French gars, garçun, French garçon (> Portuguese garoto (boy), garçom (waiter), Italian garzone)

bambo/bimbo (hypocoristic) (Greek bambainos/bambalos)  

Italian bambino, bimbo

rapace  

Portuguese/Spanish/Galician rapaz "lad"

musteus  

Portuguese moço "lad, young man", Italian mozzo, Asturian mozu, Catalan mosso, Spanish/Galician mozo

mancipius  

Portuguese/Spanish mancebo "lad, young man"

iuvene  

French jeune homme, Italian giovane, Portuguese jovem, Galician xove, Spanish joven, Catalan jóve, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian {{sic|hide=y|june}}, Istro-Romanian jure, Aromanian gione, (all meaning a youth)

"breathe"

spīrāre  

Portuguese/Spanish espirar "to breathe; to blow", Italian/Aromanian spirare, espirare, inspirare

respīrāre  

French respirer (later borrowing/learned term), Italian respirare, Romanian respira (later borrowing based on French), Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan respirar, frequentative form of spirāre

"brown"

furvus  

-

*brūnus (Germanic) Reichenau glosses

French brun, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese bruno (Romanian brun is a modern loan)

cyma (American Spanish cimarrón, from cima, French marron in sense of "escaped, become wild again" borrowed from Spanish)  

French marron "chesnut, brown" (probably from Italian), Italian marrone (of uncertain origin), Portuguese marrom (from French), Spanish marrón (borrowed from French), (Romanian maro is a modern loan); Spanish/Portuguese/Italian cima, French cime, Romanian ciumă, Dalmatian čama from Latin cyma

castaneus (Lat. castanea=chestnut, Greek kastanea)  

Spanish castaño, Italian castano, castagno, Portuguese castanho, French châtain, Romanian castaniu (possibly borrowed, but probably inherited in Aromanian cãstãnju)

maurus (Late Latin maurinus)  

Galician mouro, Spanish/Portuguese/Ladino moreno, also Portuguese mauro, maurino and Spanish morocho

pardus  

Portuguese/Spanish pardo

"buy"

emere  

-

comparāre  

Old French comparer, Romansh cumprar, Italian comp(e)rare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan comprar, Romanian cumpăra, Aromanian acumpãr

*accaptāre  

French acheter, Piedmontese caté, Italian accattare ("beg", older "buy"), Portuguese/Spanish acatar "to obey", "respect", "heed"/ "to cull", "pick out", "search"/ "to acquire", "obtain")

"cat"

fēlēs  

-

*cattus  

Italian gatto, Spanish/Portuguese gato, Catalan gat, French chat, Romanian cătușă "handcuff" from a diminutive form Aromanian "cãtushã" "cat"

"cauldron"

lebēs  

-

*calidāria Reichenau glosses

French chaudière, Italian caldaio, Romanian căldare, Spanish caldera, Portuguese caldeira, from calidus "warm"

"change"

mūtāre  

French muer "to molt", Italian mutare, Spanish/Portuguese mudar, mutar, Romanian muta

*cambiāre (Gaulish)  

Fr changer, It cambiare, Sp cambiar, Pt cambiar ("barter", "exchange money") not in classical Latin, probably originally "to exchange", (French échanger, Italian scambiare, and Romanian schimba from excambiāre)

"cheese"

caseus  

Italian cacio, Sardinian casu, Spanish queso, Portuguese queijo, Galician queixo, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian caș, Aromanian cashu", Istro-Romanian cǫș, also borrowed into Germanic: English cheese, German Käse

fōrmāticum Reichenau glosses

French fromage, Italian formaggio, Catalan formatge, post-classical, from fōrmāre, "to form"

"child"

līberī  

-

īnfāns  

French enfant, Catalan infant, Italian fante "infantryman", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese infante, "child", "infant prince" or "infantryman"

"city"

urbs  

Romanian/Spanish/Portuguese urbe (however these may all be re-introductions), Italian urbe

oppidum  

-

cīvitās  

French cité, Italian città, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade, Romanian cetate, Catalan ciutat

"count"

numerāre  

French nombrer, Italian noverare, (e)numerare, Portuguese/Spanish (e)numerar, Romanian număra

computāre  

French compter, Italian contare, computare, Spanish/Portuguese contar, computar

"country"

regione(m)  

Old French royon, Italian rione "neighbourhood" (French région, Italian regione, Portuguese região, Galician rexión, Spanish región Romanian regiune are learned forms)

pāgus  

Portuguese/Spanish pago

pāgēnsis Gregory of Tours

Italian paese, French pays, hence Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan país

"day"

diēs  

Italian , Sardinan dìe (f.), Romansh di, gi, Spanish/Galician día, Portuguese/Catalan dia, Romanian zi

diurnum  

French jour, Italian giorno, Catalan/Occitan jorn, Venetian zorno, Sicilian jornu

"destroy"

dēlēre  

Portuguese/Galician delir

dēstruere  

French détruire, Italian distruggere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan destruir, Romanian distruge (borrowed from Italian)

"door"

forīs (adverb forās)  

Galician fóra and Portuguese fora "outside", Spanish fuera "outside", Romanian afară "outside", Italian fuori "outside", French hors, Catalan fora "outside"

ostium  

Old French huis, Occitan ueissa, Romansh esch, üsch, Italian uscio, Old Spanish uzo, Romanian ușă

iānua  

Sardinian zanna, gianna, Northern Calabrian yanuwẹ; Portuguese janela and Galician xanela "window/opening", from *iānuella

porta  

French porte, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan porta, Spanish puerta, Romanian poartă, originally "gate"

"ear"

auris  

-

auricula (diminutive), oricla (Vulgar Latin)  

French oreille, Italian orecchio, Spanish oreja, Portuguese orelha, Catalan/Galician orella, Romanian ureche, Aromanian ureaclje, Occitan aurelha, Romansch ureglia, Friulian orele

"eat"

edere  

-

comedere  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician comer

mandūcāre  

French manger, Italian manducare, Logudorese Sardinian man(d)icare, Romanian mânca, Dalmatian mančur (Italian mangiare and Portuguese manjar are from the French)

"enemy"

hostis  

Spanish hueste, Portuguese/Galician hoste, Romanian/Aromanian oaste, Istro-Romanian oste, Megleno-Romanian ǫsti, "army", Italian oste, ostile

inimīcus  

French ennemi, Catalan enemic, Italian nemico, Spanish enemigo, Portuguese/Galician inimigo, Romanian inamic (later borrowing); in Classical Latin, inimīcus is "a personal enemy"

"evening"

vesper  

French vêpre, Italian vespro, Catalan vespre, Spanish vísperas, Portuguese vésper, vésperas, normally in an ecclesiastical meaning

sēra  

French soir, Italian sera, Romanian seară, Galician serán, Portuguese serão, sereno, Spanish sereno

tardis  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician tarde "afternoon", Italian tardi "late", Catalan tarda "afternoon", Catalan/French tard "late"

"fat"

pinguis  

Italian pingue "fertile"

crassus > *grassus "thick" Reichenau glosses

French/Romanian gras, Italian grasso, Sardinian rassu, Spanish graso, Portuguese crasso/graxo, with g- from grossus

grossus "fat"  

French/Romanian gros, Italian/Portuguese grosso, Galician groso, Spanish grueso, Dalmatian gruos

"feather"

penna  

French penne, Italian penna, Sardinian pinna, Occitan/Portuguese pena, Romanian pană

plūma  

French plume, Italian piuma, Spanish/Portuguese pluma (a reintroduction), Old Galician chumazo 'mattress', Catalan ploma

"field"

ager  

Portuguese/Spanish agro, Romanian/Aromanian agru

campus Reichenau glosses

French/Romansh champ, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese campo, Romanian câmp, Catalan camp

"fight"

pugna  

Portuguese/Spanish pugna (a reintroduction), Old Galician puña 'effort'

*lūcta  

French lutte, Italian lotta, Portuguese luta, Catalan lluita, Galician loita, Spanish lucha, Romanian luptă, originally "wrestling match", post-classical, classical equivalents were lūctāmen and lūctātiō, all from lūctārī, "to fight"

"find"

invenīre  

Italian rinvenire

*incontrāre  

Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese encontrar, originally "meet" (French encontrer, Italian incontrare)

turbāre  

French trouver, Catalan trovar, Italian trovare, originally "disturb" (Italian turbare, Romanian turba) > "track down" (Spanish turbar, Portuguese torvar/turbar/trovar "impede")

"fight"

pugnāre  

Portuguese/Spanish pugnar, Spanish/Galician puñar, Italian pugnare

luctārī  

Italian lottare, Spanish luchar, Portuguese lutar, Galician loitar, Romanian lupta, Aromanian alumtu

"fingernail"

unguis  

-

ungula (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French ongle, Italian unghia, Spanish uña, Portuguese unha, Galician uña and unlla, Catalan ungla, Romanian unghie, Aromanian unglje, Dalmatian jongla, Occitan onha, Romansh ungla

"fire"

ignis  

-

focus  

French feu, Italian fuoco, Spanish fuego, Portuguese/Galician fogo, Romanian/Aromanian/Catalan foc, Romansh fieu, fiug

"food"

cibus  

Italian dial. cevo and similar forms (Italian cibo is a learned form), Portuguese ceva and cibo, Spanish cebo

alimenta  

French alimentation, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese alimento, Catalan aliment

"force"

vīs  

-

*fortia Reichenau glosses

French force, Italian/Galician forza, Spanish fuerza, Portuguese força, from fortis, "strong", (Romanian forță neologism based on French)

"from"

ab  

-

 

French/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Romanian/Catalan de, Italian da (< de ab) and di ("of"), Sardinian dae

"garden"

hortus  

Italian orto, Spanish huerto, Portuguese horto/a

*gardīnus (Germanic *gardaz)  

French jardin, Italian giardino, Spanish jardín, Catalan jardí, Portuguese jardim, (Romanian grădină probably of Slavic origin)

"girl"

puella  

Portuguese puela (learned form)

fīlia  

French fille, also and originally "daughter" (the regular meaning in other Romance languages: It. figlia, Pt. filha, Gl. filla, Ro. fie, fiică, Arm. hilje, Oc. filha, Cat. filla, Scn. figghia, Fur. fie, Rm. figlia, Sp. hija)

*ninna (hypocoristic)  

Spanish niña, Catalan noi(a), Galician 'nena', Portuguese menina, nini, nenén

"head"

caput  

French chef "chief", Spanish/Portuguese/Galician cabo "end", Catalan/Romanian cap, Italian capo "leader, head"

*capetium  

Spanish/Galician cabeza "head", Portuguese cabeça "head", French chevet "headboard"

testa  

French tête, Italian testa, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician testa "forehead", Romanian țeastă "skull", originally "pot"

"helmet"

galea  

-

cofea (Germanic)  

Romanian coif (cf. English coif<Old French coife<L.Latin cofea<Old High German kuphia), Italian cuffia "cap, bonnet", now also "headphone"

*helmus (Germanic *helmaz) Reichenau glosses

French heaume, Italian/Portuguese elmo, Catalan elm, Spanish yelmo

"help"

iuvāre  

Italian giovare

adiūtāre  

French aider, Italian aiutare, Spanish ayudar, Portuguese/Catalan ajudar, Galician axudar, Romanian ajuta, frequentative of iuvāre with prefix ad

"horse"

equa (Fem.)  

Old French iève, Occitan ego, Portuguese égua, Galician egua, Catalan euga, Spanish yegua, Sardinian ebba, Romanian iapă, Aromanian iapã, all meaning "mare"

caballus  

French cheval, Romansh chaval, Italian cavallo, Sardinian cadd(h)u, Portuguese 'cavalo', Galician 'cabalo', Spanish caballo, Romanian/Aromanian cal

"house"

domus  

Italian duomo "cathedral", Sardinian domo "home"

casa  

French chez "at the house of", Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan casa, Romanian casă, Aromanian casã; in Classical Latin, casa is "a humble dwelling"

mānsiō  

French maison, Portuguese mansão, Italian magione, mansione "work"; in Classical Latin "a stop-over on a trip", Spanish mansión (a learned form) and mesón.

"huge"

ingēns  

Portuguese/Spanish ingente "enormous" (learned form/borrowing), Italian ingente "numerous"

ēnormis  

French énorme (learned form/borrowing), Italian/Spanish/Portuguese enorme, Romanian enorm (borrowing from French)

"hunt"

vēnārī  

Old French vener "to hunt deer", Catalan venar, Romanian vâna, Aromanian avin, avinare, Portuguese veadar "to hunt deer"

*captiāre  

French chasser, Italian cacciare, Spanish/Galician cazar, Occitan/Portuguese/Catalan caçar; post-classical, frequentative of capere, "to catch"

"kill"

necāre  

French noyer, Occitan/Romansh negar, Friulian inneâsi, Italian annegare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese anegar, Romanian îneca "drown", Aromanian nec, necare

interficere  

-

mactare  

French mater, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan matar, originally "to sacrifice, immolate", Italian "ammazzare"

occīdere Reichenau glosses

Old French occir, Italian uccidere, Romanian ucide, Aromanian tsid, tsidere

trux cidare  

Italian trucidare, French trucider, Portuguese/Spanish trucidar (both meaning slay)

tūtārī  

French tuer, originally "protect oneself, tutor"

"kiss"

ōsculārī  

Portuguese/Galician oscular (learned form), Spanish ósculo

bāsiāre Catullus, Petronius

French baiser, Italian baciare, Spanish/Catalan besar, Portuguese beijar, Galician beixar, Aromanian baș/bash

"kitchen"

culīna  

-

coquīna Apuleius

French cuisine, Italian cucina, Catalan cuina, Spanish cocina, Portuguese cozinha, Galician cociña

"know"

scīre  

Romanian ști, Aromanian shtiu, Sardinian iskire

sapere  

French savoir, Italian sapere, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan/Galician saber

"leg"

crūs  

-

*camba (Greek) Vegetius (4th cent.)

French jambe, Italian gamba, Catalan/Portuguese camba, Romanian gambă (possibly borrowed), also Pt "câimbra, cambito, cambalhota, gâmbia, gambeta"

perna  

Portuguese/Galician perna, pernil, Spanish pierna

"little"

ciccum "trifle" (< Greek kikkos)  

French chiche, Italian cece, Bolognese zeis, Catalan xic "small", Spanish chico "boy"

"male"

mās  

- Romanian mare ("big"), possibly from the accusative form mārem

māsculus (diminutive) Reichenau glosses

French mâle, Catalan mascle, Italian maschio, Portuguese/Galician (> Spanish) macho, Dialectal Romanian mascur (male pig)

"man"

vir  

-

homō, hominem  

French homme, Italian uomo, Sardinian òmine, Portuguese homem, Galician home, Spanish hombre, Catalan home, Romanian om, in Classical Latin "a human being" (in opposition to gods and beasts)

"market"

forum  

Old French fuer "law", Spanish fuero "id.", Portuguese foro/fórum "court", Italian foro, "hole"

mercatum Reichenau glosses

French marché, Italian mercato, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mercado, Catalan mercat

"mob"

turba  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan turba

*fulcus (Germanic *fulkaN) Reichenau glosses

French foule, Italian folla

"money"

pecūnia  

Spanish/Italian pecunia, Portuguese pecúnia (learned), French pécune , Aromanian piculju/picunlju

dēnārius  

Italian denaro, Sardinian (d)inare, French denier, Spanish dinero, Portuguese dinheiro, Galician diñeiro, Catalan diner, originally a Roman coin

argentum  

French argent, both "money" and "silver" (both meanings in Classical Latin), Italian argento, "silver", Romanian argint, Spanish and Portuguese plata/prata from Provençal "silver"

"mouth"

ōs  

-

bucca  

French bouche, Italian bocca, Sardinian (b)ucca, Romanian/Megleno-Romanian bucă "buttcheek", Aromanian bucã, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish/Catalan boca, originally "cheek"

"narrow"

angustus  

Italian/Portuguese angusto, Spanish angosto, Romanian îngust, Macedo-Romanian ngustu, Istro-Romanian ăngust

strictus  

French étroit, Italian stretto, Portuguese estreito, estrito, Spanish estrecho, Romanian strâmt, Aromanian strãmtu

"never"

numquam  

Old French nonques, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician nunca

iam magis  

French/Portuguese jamais, Galician xamais, Italian giammai, Spanish jamás, originally "ever"

"obey"

pārēre  

-

oboedīre  

French obéir, Italian obbedire, Spanish/Portuguese obedecer

"old"

vetus  

Old French viez, Italian vieto, "vestusto", Portuguese/Spanish vetusto (vetustus); Galician vedraño 'old men', Romanian bătrân 'old man' (to veteranus)

vetulus (diminutive) veclus (vulgar transformation)  

French vieux, Italian vecchio, Spanish viejo, Catalan {{sic|hide=y|vell}}, Portuguese velho, Galician vello, Romanian vechi, Aromanian veclju; diminutive of vetus

"papyrus > paper"

charta  

Italian carta, Romanian carte (book), Spanish/Portuguese carta "letter/chart"

papȳrus  

French papier, Sardinian pabilu (logud.) and paperi (camp.), Spanish/Portuguese papel, Catalan paper, Italian papiro

"pay"

(ex)pendere  

-

dispendere  

Italian spendere (Portuguese/Spanish despender, Catalan despendre "use")

pācāre  

French payer, Italian pagare, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician pagar, Romanian împăca "make peace with"; originally "bring under control" in Latin

"play"

lūdere  

-

iocārī  

French jouer, Italian giocare, Spanish jugar, Portuguese jogar, Galician xogar, Romanian juca, Aromanian gioc, giucare

"play"

lūdus  

Portuguese ludo

iocus  

French jeu, Italian gioco, Spanish juego, Portuguese jogo, Galician xogo, Romanian/Istro-Romanian/Megleno-Romanian joc, Aromanian gioc

"quail"

coturnīx  

Spanish/Portuguese codorniz, Catalan codorniu, Old Italian codornice, Romanian potârniche "partridge"

*coācula (Germanic, from Frankish *kwakla) Reichenau glosses

French caille, Italian quaglia

"quick"

celer  

Portuguese célere; Spanish celeridad (swiftness, a learned form), Italian celere

rapidus  

Romanian repede Istro-Romanian răpede; French rapide, Italian rapido, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician rápido are learned forms that have replaced the regular outcomes Old French rade, Italian ratto, Spanish raudo

velox  

Spanish/Portuguese/Galician veloz (learned forms); Italian veloce

"recognise"

agnōscere  

-

recognōscere  

French reconnaître, Italian riconoscere, Portuguese reconhecer, GAlician recoñecer, Spanish reconocer, Romanian recunoaște (based partly on French)

"red"

rubeus / rubidus  

French rouge, Portuguese rúbeo, ruivo (red head, red-haired), rúbido, rubente, Galician rubio, roibo, Spanish rúbeo, rubio (blond, fair hair), rubicundo, Catalan roig, Italian rubino

ruber  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rubro

rufus  

Portuguese/Galician/Spanish rufo (learned forms, English rufous)

russeus / russus  

French roux (red head, red-haired), Italian rosso, Portuguese rússeo, roxo (purple), Galician roxo, Spanish rojo, Romanian roșu, Megleno-Romanian roș, Istro-Romanian roiș, Macedo-Romanian aroș/arosh, Catalan rosso (blond)

vermiculus (Late Latin)  

Catalan vermell, Portuguese vermelho, Galician vermello, Old French vermeillon (English vermillion/vermeil), Spanish bermejo, Italian vermiglio

"right a." (opp. "left")

dexter  

Italian/Portuguese destro, Spanish diestro, Catalan destre, Romanian zestre "dowry"

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Sardinian dereta, Spanish derecho and derecha, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"right n."

iūs  

Sicilian iussu

dirēctus  

French droit, Italian diritto, Spanish derecho, Portuguese direito, Romanian drept, Macedo-Romanian dreptu, Istro-Romanian dirept

"river"

flūmen  

Italian fiume, Sicilian hiumi, Sardinian flumene, Portuguese flume/flúmen (learned) Aromanian flumin

fluvius  

Portuguese flúvio (learned), French fleuve (merged with Frank. *flōda "river to the sea"), Romanian fluviu (learned)

rīvus  

Old French ri(f), Old Italian rigo, Sardinian (ar)riu, Spanish/Galician río, Italian/Portuguese rio, Catalan riu, Romanian râu, Aromanian arãu

"rock"

saxum  

Italian sasso, Portuguese saxo, Galician seixo

*rocca (perhaps Germanic)  

French roche, Italian roccia, Portuguese rocha, Spanish roca, post-classical

"rope"

fūnis  

Italian fune, Romanian funie, Portuguese/Spanish funículo (learned)

chorda  

French corde, Italian/Portuguese/Catalan corda, Spanish cuerda, Romanian coardă

"sand"

arena  

Sardinian rena (log.) and arena (camp.), Spanish arena, Portuguese areia, Galician area, Dialectal Romanian arină, Sicilian rina, Italian rena

sabulo  

French sable, Italian sabbia, Portuguese saibro, Romanian sabie, Spanish sabre

"shirt"

tunica  

Italian tonaca, Spanish {{sic|hide=y|tonga}} "coat", Portuguese túnica

camisia (Gaulish < Germanic) Jerome

Vegliot kamaisa/camaisa, Sardinian camisa, Romanian cămașă, French chemise, chainse "canvas", Aromanian cãmeashã, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan camisa, Italian camicia

"short"

brevis  

French bref, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese breve

curtus  

Portuguese curto, French court, Italian/Spanish corto, Romanian scurt and Aromanian shcurtu (< excurtus)

"show"

ostendere  

Portuguese/Spanish ostentar, Italian ostentare

mōnstrāre  

French montrer (with Latin n for earlier mostrer), Italian mostrare, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician mostrar, Galician amosar (*admōnstrāre), Romanian mustra "chide"

"sick"

aeger  

Italian egro

dolente  

Portuguese doente, Spanish doliente, Italian dolente

infirmus  

Spanish/Portuguese enfermo, Italian infermo

male habitus Nepos, Aulus Gellius

French malade, Italian malato, Occitan malaut, Catalan malalt, Galician malato, malado, Portuguese maladia/mal hábito, originally "in a bad condition", Sardinian malaidu

"sing"

canere  

-

cantāre (frequentative)  

French chanter, Romansh chantar, Italian/Sardinian cantare, Portuguese/Spanish/Catalan cantar, Romanian cânta, Aromanian cãntu, cãntare

"skin"

cutis  

Portuguese cútis; Spanish cutis, Italian cute

pellis  

French peau, Italian pelle, Spanish piel, Portuguese pele, Sardinian pedd(h)e, Galician pel, Catalan pell, Romanian piele; in Classical Latin normally "a hide"

"speak"

loquī  

-

fābulārī  

Spanish hablar, Portuguese falar, but Italian favellare "to tell a tale", Occitan faular "id.", Old French fabler "id.", Dalmatian faular, Sardinian faeddare

*parabolāre  

French parler, Occitan/Catalan parlar, Italian parlare

"spear"

fustis  

Romanian fuște, Italian fusto "tree trunk", Sardinian fuste (stick), French fût "cask"

hasta  

Portuguese hasta/e, Spanish asta (shaft of a weapon), Italian asta, French hast "pole-arm"

lancea  

French lance, Italian lancia, Spanish/Galician lanza, Portuguese lança, Catalan llança

"spring"

vēr  

Romanian vară, Spanish verano, Portuguese verão, Galician verán, Friulian vierte.

prīma vēra  

Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan primavera, Occitan primver, Romansh primavera, prümavaira, Romanian primăvară, Aromanian primuvearã; originally "first spring" in Latin

prīmum tempus  

French printemps, literally "first time"

"stone"

lapis  

Italian lapide, Portuguese lápide, Spanish lápida (learned forms)

petra (Greek)  

French pierre, Italian pietra, Sardinian perda, Spanish piedra, Portuguese/Catalan pedra, Romanian piatră, Aromanian chiatrã, Dalmatian pitra

"stonemason"

cēmentarius  

-

mattiō (Frankish) Reichenau glosses

French maçon

petrarius  

Portuguese pedreiro, Romanian pietrar

"sword"

gladium  

French glai "iris", Old Italian ghiado, Portuguese gládio, Spanish gladio (learned forms)

spatha (Greek)  

French épée, Italian spada, Spanish/Portuguese/Galician espada, Catalan espasa, Romanian spată

"take"

capere  

Old French chavoir, Italian capire "understand", Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese caber "contain", Romanian încăpea "comprise, accommodate, fit" (from *incapēre)

prehendere  

French prendre, Italian prendere, Catalan pendre, Romanian prinde, Spanish prender

"teach"

docēre  

Old French duire, Italian/Portuguese/Spanish docente (noun)

*insignāre  

French enseigner, Italian insegnare, Romanian însemna, Spanish enseñar, Portuguese/Galician ensinar, Catalan ensenyar probably originally "to engrave", from signāre, "to engrave", with prefix in-

"thigh"

femur  

Portuguese fêmur (femur—a learned word), Spanish fémur, Italian femore

coxa Reichenau glosses

Portuguese, Galician and Old Spanish coxa, French cuisse, Italian coscia, Sardinain coscia or cossa, Catalan cuixa, Romanian coapsă, originally "hip", first attested in Silver Latin

"thing"

rēs  

French (ne) ... rien "nothing", Old Portuguese rem/nulla res "nothing"

causa Reichenau glosses

French chose, Italian/Spanish/Sardinian/Catalan cosa, Portuguese coisa/cousa, causa, originally "cause", Galician cousa, Romanian cauză (borrowed from French, and has another meaning: din această cauză is 'Because of –this-')

"think"

cōgitāre  

Old French cuidier, Old Italian coitare, Portuguese/Spanish cuidar "to be careful; to suppose", Portuguese cogitar "to think; contemplate", Galician coidar "to think", Romanian cugeta

pensāre  

French penser, Italian pensare, Spanish/Portuguese pensar, Romanian păsa "to care (about)", Sardinian pessare

"throw"

iacere  

French gésir "to rest in peace", Romansch giaschair "to lie down", Italian giacere, Catalan jaure, Spanish yacer, Occitan/Portuguese jazer, Galician xacer "to lie down", Romanian zăcea, Aromanian dzac, dzãtseare

iactāre  

French jeter, Occitan getar, Italian gettare, Sardinian ghetare, Spanish echar, Portuguese geitar, Galician xeitar; originally a frequentative

"tomorrow"

crās  

Sardinian cras, Sicilian crai, Old Spanish cra

māne  

Old French main, Occitan man, Old Italian/Old Spanish mane, Romanian mâine, all "in the morning"

"touch"

tangere  

Italian tangere, Portuguese tanger (touch and play), Spanish tañer "play an instrument", Romanian atinge (<Latin attingere) "to touch" [French atteindre "to reach, be on target", Portuguese/Spanish atingir (attain, get at, hit, reach, achieve, bear on, touch on, upon), Italian attingere (draw, get), from Vulgar Latin *attangere, from Latin attingere : ad-, ad- + tangere, to touch]

*toccāre (Germanic *tukkōn "to knock, offend")  

French toucher/toquer, Italian toccare, Sardinian tucare, Spanish/Portuguese/Catalan tocar (touch and play), probably originally "to knock, strike", Romanian toc (onomatopoeic, indicating a knock), toca (to beat or cut into pieces), toacă (singing wooden board)

"understand"

intelligere  

Romanian înțelege, Romansh encleger

comprehendere  

French/Catalan comprendre, Portuguese compreender, Italian comprendere, Spanish comprender, Romanian cuprinde

capere  

Italian capire "understand" (Old French chavoir, Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Galician caber "contain")

intendere  

Italian/Sardinian intendere, Portuguese/Spanish/Galician entender, Catalan entendre, French entendre "to hear", orig. "to intend", Romanian întinde "stretch"

"war"

bellum  

-

*werra (Germanic)  

French guerre, Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/Galician/Catalan guerra (It. pronounced 'gwerra'), Sardinian gherra

"weep"

flēre  

Friulian vaî

planctus  

Portuguese prantear (learned form), Spanish llanto (noun)

plangere  

Romanian plânge, Sardinian prànghere or piànghere, French plaindre "to complain", Occitan planher, Catalan planyer, Spanish plañir, Italian piangere, Sardinian plànghiri, prànghiri, Dalmatian plungre; Portuguese planger (learned form)

plōrāre Reichenau glosses

French pleurer, Spanish llorar, Portuguese chorar, Catalan/Occitan plorar, Old Italian piorare, Romanian implora

"white"

albus  

Romansh alv, Friulian alf, Dalmatian jualb, Romanian alb, Portuguese alvo

*blancus (Germanic)  

French/Catalan blanc, Italian bianco, Spanish blanco, Portuguese branco

"why"

cūr  

-

prō quō  

French pourquoi, Italian perché, Spanish por qué, Portuguese porque/por que/porquê/por quê, Catalan perquè Romanian pentru ce (although de ce is more frequently used)

"wide"

lātus  

Italian lato, Portuguese/Galician/Spanish lado, Romanian lat

largus  

French large, Italian/Portuguese/Galician/Spanish largo, Catalan llarg, Romanian {{sic|hide=y|larg}}, originally "abundant"

"winter"

hiems  

-

hibernus Reichenau glosses

French hiver, Romansh dial. inviern, Italian/Portuguese inverno, Spanish invierno, Catalan hivern, Romanian iarnă, Aromanian iarã; adjective of hiems

"woman"

fēmina  

French femme, Italian femmina, Neapolitan femmena, Sicilian fímmina, Sardinian fémina, Spanish hembra "female", Portuguese fêmea "female", Galician femia, Romanian famen "eunuch"

mulier  

Old French moillier, Italian moglie "wife", Neapolitan mugliera "wife", Occitan molhèr "wife", Catalan moller, Portuguese mulher, Galician muller, Spanish mujer "woman", Sardinian muzere "wife", Romanian muiere

domina  

Catalan dona "woman", French dame "lady", Italian donna "woman", Portuguese dona "lady", Romanian doamnă "lady", Spanish doña; originally "female head of a household, mistress"

"word"

verbum  

Romansh verv (archaic), Romanian vorbă (possibly of Slavic origin alternatively), Portuguese/Spanish verbo

parabola (Greek)  

Friulian peraule, Italian parola, Occitan/Catalan paraula, Sardinian para(g)ula, Portuguese palavra, Spanish/Galician palabra, Dalmatian palaura

"work"

labōrāre  

Romansh lavurer "to work", Friulian lavorâ, Italian lavorare, Occitan laurar "to plow, till", Catalan llaurar, Spanish/Galician labrar, Portuguese lavrar

*tripāliāre from trēs, "three" + pālus, "stake"  

Romanian treabă, French travailler, Spanish trabajar, Occitan/Portuguese trabalhar, Galician traballar, Catalan treballar, Sardinian tri- or tra- ballare

lucrāri  

Italian logorare "to consume, wear out", Portuguese/Spanish lograr "to obtain", Romanian lucra "to work", also to "plow, till"

"yellow"

flāvus  

- ; Portuguese/Spanish flavo "fair hair" (learned forms)

fulvus  

- ; Portuguese/Galician fulvo "fair hair", Italian fulvo (all learned loans)

galbinus Petronius, Martial

French/Occitan jaune, Italian gavinello "kestrel", Romanian galben, originally "greenish-yellow"; Old French jalne > Romansh (Vallader) gelg, Ladin gh(i)el, Friulian ğâl, Italian giallo, Old Italian gialde, Lombardo giald, Spanish jalde, Portuguese jardo

amārellus, from amārus "bitter"  

Portuguese amarelo, Spanish amarillo, originally "pale, sallow"

croceus, from crocum "saffron"  

Catalan groc, Sardinian grògo

"yes"

ita  

Romanian da

sīc Reichenau glosses

Italian , Spanish/Galician , Portuguese sim, French si (to contradict a negative question), Aromanian shi although it is rarely used and e is more common, Catalan si