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You asked:Which is the most widely used model for the study of multiple sclerosis (MS)
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[disseminated sclerosis, multiple sclerosis]
  • In one case plaques of multiple sclerosis were found in the spinal cord. Those two cases are unusual forms of a diffuse disseminated sclerosis: multiple sclerosis and Schilder's disease are considered as two anatomo-clinical variants of the same pathological process. The observed necrotic lesions are different from the acute necrotic forms of multiple sclerosis as the latter have rapidly developed..[Lhermitte:1982]{Human}

[model, models, most, ms, multiple sclerosis, study, widely used]
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been established as the most relevant paraclinical tool for diagnosing and monitoring multiple sclerosis ( MS). In this context, counting the number of new enhancing lesions on monthly MRI scans is widely used as a surrogate marker of MS activity when evaluating the effect of treatments. In this study, we investigated whether parametric models based on mixed Poisson distributions (the Negative Binomial (NB) and the Poisson-Inverse Gaussian (P-IG) distributions) were able to provide adequate fitting of new enhancing lesion counts in MS. We found that the NB model gave good approximations in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS patients not selected for baseline MRI activity, whereas the P-IG distribution modelled better new enhancing lesion counts in relapsing-remitting MS patients selected for baseline activity. This study shows that parametric modelling for MS new enhancing lesion counts is feasible. This approach should provide more targeted tools for the design and the analysis of MRI monitored clinical trials in MS..[Sorman:2001]{Human}

[model, models, most, ms, multiple sclerosis, widely used]
  • The role of CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis ( MS) and its animal models has been enigmatic. Most studies of MS have focused on the role of CD4(+) Th1 T cells and many therapeutic strategies have been directed toward ameliorating the activity of this subset. Some of these strategies were effective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used animal model for MS dependent on CD4(+) T cells, but paradoxically have worsened disease in MS patients. A great deal of evidence suggests that CD8(+) T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and should be considered in designing therapies. CD8(+) T cells outnumber CD4(+) T cells in MS lesions, and both clonal expansion and enrichment of memory cells is preferentially seen in the CD8(+) T cell subset in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients..[Joan:2005]{Human}

[model, models, most widely used model, sclerosis, used]
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown cause, characterized by the selective and progressive death of both upper and lower motoneurons, leading to a progressive paralysis. Experimental animal models of the disease may provide knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms and allow the design and testing of therapeutic strategies, provided that they mimic as close as possible the symptoms and temporal progression of the human disease. The principal hypotheses proposed to explain the mechanisms of motoneuron degeneration have been studied mostly in models in vitro, such as primary cultures of fetal motoneurons, organotypic cultures of spinal cord sections from postnatal rodents and the motoneuron-like hybridoma cell line NSC-34. However, these models are flawed in the sense that they do not allow a direct correlation between motoneuron death and its physical consequences like paralysis. In vivo, the most widely used model is the transgenic mouse that bears a human mutant superoxide dismutase 1, the only known cause of ALS. The major disadvantage of this model is that it represents about 2%-3% of human ALS. In addition, there is a growing concern on the accuracy of these transgenic models and the extrapolations of the findings made in these animals to the clinics. Models of spontaneous motoneuron disease, like the wobbler and pmn mice, have been used aiming to understand the basic cellular mechanisms of motoneuron diseases, but these abnormalities are probably different from those occurring in ALS. Therefore, the design and testing of in vivo models of sporadic ALS, which accounts for >90% of the disease, is necessary. The main models of this type are based on the excitotoxic death of spinal motoneurons and might be useful even when there is no definitive demonstration that excitotoxicity is a cause of human ALS. Despite their difficulties, these models offer the best possibility to establish valid correlations between cellular alterations and motor behavior, although improvements are still necessary in order to produce a reliable and integrative model that accurately reproduces the cellular mechanisms of motoneuron degeneration in ALS..[Luis:2009]

[models, ms, multiple sclerosis, clinical studies, widely used]
  • Statins as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase are widely used as cholesterol-lowering drugs. Recent studies provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory activity of statins, which is independent of their cholesterol-lowering effects, may have potential therapeutic implications for neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis ( MS), Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors, as well as traumatic spinal cord and brain injuries. Studies with animal models of MS suggest that, in addition to immunomodulatory activities similar to the ones observed with approved MS medications, statin treatment also protects the BBB, protects against neurodegeneration and may also promote neurorepair. Although the initial human studies on statin treatment for MS are encouraging, prospective randomized clinical studies will be required to evaluate their efficacy in the larger patient population..[Silva:2010]

[most widely used, ms, numerous, multiple sclerosis]
  • Diffusion tensor (DT) MR imaging has frequently been applied in multiple sclerosis ( MS) because of its ability to detect and quantify disease-related changes of the tissue microstructure within and outside T2-visible lesions. DT MR imaging data collection places high demands on scanner hardware and, though the acquisition and postprocessing can be relatively straightforward, numerous challenges remain in improving the reproducibility of this technique. Although there are some issues concerning image quality, echo-planar imaging is the most widely used acquisition scheme for diffusion imaging studies..[Pagani:2007]{Human}

[most widely used, ms, multiple sclerosis, clinical studies]
  • In recent years, major advances have been made in the management of multiple sclerosis ( MS) in the form of new disease-modifying therapies, the most widely used of which is interferon (IFN) beta. A growing body of evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of IFN beta are maximised if treatment is started as soon as possible after the diagnosis of MS, and if patients are given the highest possible dose. The argument in favour of early treatment is based primarily on the finding that the inflammation of the central nervous system characteristic of MS leads to irreversible axonal destruction starting very early in the course of the disease. Evidence that IFN beta should be given at high doses comes from preclinical and clinical studies showing that the effects of this drug are strongly dose-dependent..[Bosley:2003]{Human}

[model/models, most widely used, ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • In multiple sclerosis ( MS) the number of new enhancing lesions seen on monthly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is the most widely used response variable in MRI-monitored studies of experimental treatments. However, no statistical model has been proposed to describe the distribution of the number of such lesions across MS patients. This article briefly summarizes the statistical models for counted data. The negative binomial (NB) model is proposed to fit the number of new enhancing lesions counted in a set of 56 untreated MS patients followed for 9 months. It is shown that the large variability present in this data set is better addressed by the NB model (residual deviance=66.6, 54 degrees of freedom) than by the Poisson model (residual deviance=1830.1, 55 degrees of freedom)..[Sormani:1999]{Human}

[model/models/ms models, most, ms, numerous, multiple sclerosis, study, used]
  • Furthermore, EAE has directly led to the development of three approved medications for treatment in multiple sclerosis, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone and natalizumab. On the other hand, numerous therapeutical approaches that showed promising results in EAE turned out to be either ineffective or in some cases harmful in MS. The TMEV model features a chronic-progressive disease course that lasts for the entire lifespan in susceptible mice. Several features of MS, including the role and significance of axonal injury and repair, the partial independence of disability from demyelination, epitope spread from viral to myelin epitopes, the significance of remyelination has all been demonstrated in this model. TMEV based MS models also feature several MRI findings of the human disease. Toxin-induced demyelination models has been mainly used to study focal demyelination and remyelination. None of the three main animal models described in this review can be considered superior; rather, they are best viewed as complementary to one another. Despite their limitations, the rational utilization and application of these models to address specific research questions will remain one of the most useful tools in studies of human demyelinating diseases..[Aleksandar:2010]

[model, most widely, ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal model of multiple sclerosis ( MS)..[Eilhard:2010]{Human}

[model, ms, multiple sclerosis, widely used]
  • It has been shown to be involved in inflammation and autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an immune mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive T cells attack the myelin-oligodendrocyte complex. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used experimental model for MS. This review presents updated evidence for the role of OPN in MS and EAE, starting with the data provided by microarray analysis showing elevated levels of OPN transcripts in MS brain lesions and spinal cords of rats with EAE..[Manjit:2010]{Human}

[model, models, most, ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a complex disease with an unknown etiology and no effective cure, despite decades of extensive research that led to the development of several partially effective treatments. Researchers have only limited access to early and immunologically active MS tissue samples, and the modification of experimental circumstances is much more restricted in human studies compared to studies in animal models. For these reasons, animal models are needed to clarify the underlying immune-pathological mechanisms and test novel therapeutic and reparative approaches. It is not possible for a single mouse model to capture and adequately incorporate all clinical, radiological, pathological and genetic features of MS. The three most commonly studied major categories of animal models of MS include: (1) the purely autoimmune experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE); (2) the virally induced chronic demyelinating disease models, with the main model of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) infection and (3) toxin-induced models of demyelination, including the cuprizone model and focal demyelination induced by lyso-phosphatidyl choline (lyso-lecithine)..[Aleksandar:2010]

[model, models, ms, multiple sclerosis, used]
  • Background: Walking impairment has a major influence on the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis ( MS). The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) assesses the impact of MS on walking ability from the patient's perspective, but in its current form, is not amenable for use in many policy decision-making settings. Objectives: Statistical 'mapping' methods were used to convert MSWS-12 scores to EQ-5D health state values. Methods: The relationship between the measures was estimated using cohort data from people with MS in South West England. Regression analyses were conducted, estimation errors assessed, and predictive performance of the best models tested using longitudinal data. Results: Model performance was in line with that of other mapping studies, with the best-performing models being an ordinary least squares (OLS) model using MSWS-12 item scores, and an OLS model using the total MSWS-12 score and its squared term..[Hawton:2011]

[model, most, ms, multiple sclerosis, clinical studies/study, used]
  • In particular, several studies suggest that cannabinoids and endocannabinoids may have a key role in the pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis ( MS). In this study we highlight the main findings reported in literature about the relevance of cannabinoid drugs in the management and treatment of MS. An increasing body of evidence suggests that cannabinoids have beneficial effects on the symptoms of MS, including spasticity and pain. In this report we focus on the effects of cannabinoids in the relief of spasticity describing the main findings in vivo, in the mouse experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model of MS. We report on the current treatments used to control MS symptoms and the most recent clinical studies based on cannabinoid treatments, although long-term studies are required to establish whether cannabinoids may have a role beyond symptom amelioration in MS..[Anna:2009]

[ms, multiple sclerosis, clinical studies/study, widely used]
  • Although clinical studies show that cannabinoids improve central pain in patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS) neurophysiological studies are lacking to investigate whether they also suppress these patients' electrophysiological responses to noxious stimulation. The flexion reflex (FR) in humans is a widely used technique for assessing the pain threshold and for studying spinal and supraspinal pain pathways and the neurotransmitter system involved in pain control. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study we investigated cannabinoid-induced changes in RIII reflex variables (threshold, latency and area) in a group of 18 patients with secondary progressive MS..[Antonella:2009]{Human}

[models, most widely used model, study, used]
  • Since identification of the disease-causing gene in 1993, a number of genetically modified animal models of HD have been generated. The first transgenic mouse models, R6/1 and R6/2 lines, were established 8 years ago. The R6/2 mice have been the best characterized and the most widely used model to study pathogenesis of HD and therapeutic interventions. In the present review, we especially focus on the characteristics of R6 transgenic mouse models and, in greater detail, describe the different therapeutic strategies that have been tested in these mice. We also, at the end, critically assess the relevance of the HD mouse models compared with the human disease and discuss how they can be best used in the future..[Jia:2006]{Human}

[model, models, most widely used model]
  • This finding apparently contradicts the most widely used model of protein stability, where the formation of a hydrophobic core drives protein folding. The pressure denaturation puzzle is resolved by focusing on the pressure-dependent transfer of water into the protein interior, in contrast to the transfer of nonpolar residues into water, the approach commonly taken in models of protein unfolding. Pressure denaturation of proteins can then be explained by the pressure destabilization of hydrophobic aggregates by using an information theory model of hydrophobic interactions..[Hummer:1998]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[model, most, ms, multiple sclerosis, used]
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis ( MS)..[Cris:2011]

[ms, multiple sclerosis, widely used]
  • Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis ( MS). We report two patients who developed the first manifestations of clinically definite multiple sclerosis while on long term (3.5 and 10 years, respectively) treatment with azathioprine for Crohn's disease. Both patients developed the first MS symptoms during a quiescent phase of their inflammatory bowel disease. These cases show that long term azathioprine, while possibly maintaining inflammatory bowel disease under control, could not prevent the onset of MS. Multiple Sclerosis (2000) 6 362 - 363.[Constantinescu:2000]{Human}

[models, most widely used model, clinical studies]
  • Animal models of OSA enable scientists to circumvent confounders such as obesity in clinical studies. In the most widely used model, which involves exposing rodents to IH during their sleep phase, the IH alters circadian glucose homeostasis, impairs muscle carbohydrate uptake, induces hyperlipidemia, and upregulates cholesterol synthesis enzymes..[Jonathan:2009]{Human}

[most widely used model, sclerosis]
  • The SOD1 mutant mouse is the most widely used model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)..[Lindsey:2004]{Human}

[model, most, most widely used model]
  • The most widely used model for rheumatoid arthritis is the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. This model has gained acceptance since it is reproducible, well defined and has proven useful for development of new therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplified by the most recent advancement using TNFalpha neutralization treatment. The collagen-induced arthritis model, however, represents only certain pathways leading to arthritis and there is no consensus on how they operate..[Rikard:2002]{Human}

[model, most widely used model, study]
  • Currently, the most widely used model is not a direct measure of force and has serious deficiencies as a model of wound contraction. A Culture Force Monitor, CFM, has been developed in this study, to measure directly the forces generated by fibroblasts and other cell types in culture. Under model conditions, a peak force of 1 x 10(-10) Newton/cell was generated (assuming participation of all cells) over a range of cell densities..[Eastwood:1994]{Human}
  • An accurate prediction of the particle charge in plasmas is of fundamental importance for a wide range of problems from the study of dusty or complex plasmas to the controlled synthesis of nanoparticle materials in plasmas. Despite its known deficiencies, the orbital motion limited (OML) theory, which strictly applies only to collisionless plasmas, is the most widely used model to describe particle charging. This paper develops a simple, analytical model to describe the charging of particles in plasmas over a wide range of pressures and particle sizes. In spite of its simplicity, excellent agreement is found with results of a self-consistent molecular dynamics Monte Carlo model and with experimental results found in the literature. In particular, the model presented here provides significant improvements compared to the OML theory..[Marco:2008]

[models, most widely used model]
  • However, mouse models present special challenges because of their small size, their inherent capacity for regeneration, and the potential strain effects. The most widely used model of regeneration, sciatic nerve injury, has its inherent limitations, and there is a need for other models of injury to long nerves..[John:2010]{Human}
  • However, genetic models in the rat, one of the most widely used model organisms in physiological and pharmacological research, are largely lacking..[van:2010]
  • Cell culture models are useful for studying intestinal absorption and metabolism of carotenoids. The human intestinal cell line, Caco-2, has been the most widely used model for these studies..[Alexandrine:2004]{Human}

[most, ms, multiple sclerosis, study]
  • In the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis ( MS), both genetic and environmental factors play an important role. Among environmental factors, viral infections are most likely connected with the etiology of MS. There are many evidence suggesting possible involvement of retroviruses in the development of autoimmune diseases including MS. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) seems to be the important candidate for viral etiology of MS. The aim of the study was to analyze MSRV pol sequences in patients with MS..[Jerzy:2003]{Human}

[ms, multiple sclerosis, study, used]
  • Determining whether persons with multiple sclerosis ( MS) receive appropriate, comprehensive healthcare requires tools for measuring quality. The objective of this study was to develop quality indicators for the care of persons with MS. We used a modified version of the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method in a two-stage process to identify relevant MS care domains and to assess the validity of indicators within high-ranking care domains. Based on a literature review, interviews with persons with MS, and discussions with MS providers, 25 MS symptom domains and 14 general health domains of MS care were identified. A multidisciplinary panel of 15 stakeholders of MS care, including 4 persons with MS, rated these 39 domains in a two-round modified Delphi process. The research team performed an expanded literature review for 26 highly ranked domains to draft 86 MS care indicators..[Eric:2010]{Human}

[model, most widely used model]
  • Probably the most widely used model for estimating the distribution of O-D flows is the gravity model, [J. de D..[Xiaoyan:2003]
  • The mouse is the most widely used model of preimplantation embryo development, but is it a good model?.[Robert:2007]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • DoL reaches a pinnacle in the insect societies where the most widely used model is based on variation in response thresholds among individuals, and the assumption that individuals and stimuli are well-mixed. Here, we present a spatially explicit model of DoL. Our model is inspired by Pierre de Gennes' 'Ant in a Labyrinth' which laid the foundations of an entire new field in statistical mechanics. We demonstrate the emergence, even in a simplified one-dimensional model, of a spatial patterning of individuals and a right-skewed activity distribution, both of which are characteristics of division of labour in animal societies. We then show using a two-dimensional model that the work done by an individual within an activity bout is a sigmoidal function of its response threshold..[Thomas:2011]{Human}
  • Ts65Dn mice, the most widely used model for Down syndrome, are trisomic for approximately 56.5% of the human chromosome 21 syntenic region on mouse chromosome 16. To generate a more complete trisomic mouse model of Down syndrome, we have established a 22.9 Mb duplication spanning the entire human chromosome 21 syntenic region on mouse chromosome 16 in mice using Cre/loxP-mediated long-range chromosome engineering..[Zhongyou:2007]{Human}

[most, ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • This review discusses the status of current and future therapy in the treatment of MS. Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). Medline includes over 13000 articles on MS since 1966 that exclude book chapters and other references. MS typically affects the youth and women more than men, between the ages of twenty and forty..[Khan:1996]{Human}
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is the most common disease of the central nervous system affecting people between the ages of 20 and 40 years in the UK, Northern Europe and the USA..[Thomas:2003]{Human}
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders..[Martine:2010]{Human}
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS), a chronic disease of the central nervous system, is characterized by a variable and unpredictable course. The most common pattern of the disease is the relapsing-remitting form in which clearly defined relapses (also called exacerbations) are followed by complete or incomplete recovery. Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron), a drug that affects the natural course of the disease, was developed for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. Multiple Sclerosis Pathways (MSP), a disease management program, was developed to provide comprehensive and personal support to MS patients taking interferon beta-1b and to serve as an information resource for all people with MS, their families, and healthcare professionals..[Madonna:2000]{Human}

[most widely used model, used]
  • Caenorhabditis elegans has become one of the most widely used model organisms for a range of molecular cell biological applications and is being increasingly used by glycobiologists..[Haslam:2003]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[ms, multiple sclerosis, used]
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being used increasingly as a measure of outcome in monitoring the efficacy of treatment for multiple sclerosis ( MS)..[Ozawa:1996]{Human}
  • Central motor conduction time (CMCT) to abductor digiti minimi was measured in 18 healthy subjects and in 15 patients with multiple sclerosis. A novel percutaneous magnetic stimulator was used to stimulate the motor cortex painlessly and CMCT was calculated by subtracting the onset latency of muscle responses obtained by electrical stimulation over the C7/T1 interspace from that obtained from stimulation over the scalp. In healthy subjects CMCT was 6.0 +/- 0.76 ms. In multiple sclerosis patients with pyramidal signs in the arms, CMCT was almost always prolonged, the longest conduction time being 39 ms..[Hess:1986]{Human}

[model, ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • Content validation consisted of evaluating its adherence to a conceptual model of the impact of MS, and review by MS specialists (neurologists and allied health professionals), HRQL experts, patients, and caregivers. The reliability and construct validity of the MSQLI were rigorously evaluated in a field test with 300 North American patients (198 female, 102 male) with definite MS (Poser criteria) and a broad range of physical impairment (EDSS=0. 0-8.5). This article concludes by comparing the MSQLI with two other MS-specific HRQL measures ( MS Quality of Life-54 (QOL-54) and Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS)) and discussing key issues to consider in selecting an HRQL instrument for a collaborative database..[Fischer:1999]{Human}

[model, ms/ms gene, multiple sclerosis]
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is a common disease of the central nervous system characterized by myelin loss and progressive neurological dysfunction. An underlying genetic susceptibility plays a clear role in the etiology of MS, likely acting in concert with an undefined environmental exposure. Full-genome screenings in multiplex MS families have identified several susceptibility regions, supporting a polygenic model for MS. Among these regions, evidence for weak linkage was observed at 3p/3cen suggesting the presence of an MS gene(s) of modest effect..[Barcellos:2000]{Human}

[most widely used model, study]
  • The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become one of the most widely used model systems for the study of aging, yet very little is known about how C. elegans age..[Tamara:2007]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Human fibroblast cultures, which have a finite replicative lifespan in vitro, are the most widely used model for the study of senescence at the cellular level..[Tesco:1998]{Human}
  • The SHR strain is the most widely used model for the study of genetic hypertension..[Rahmani:1999]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Although rat is the most widely used model of glucocorticoid programming of the fetus, the role of rat placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) in the transplacental pharmacokinetics of the naturally occurring glucocorticoid, corticosterone, has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, expression of 11beta-HSD2 in the rat placenta on two different gestation days (16 and 22) was examined using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, and dually perfused rat term placenta was employed to evaluate its functional capacity to transfer and metabolize corticosterone..[Staud:2005]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[ms, multiple sclerosis, study]
  • This focus group, qualitative study (N = 18) reports the psychosocial impact, specifically, of spasticity symptoms on a sample of people with MS ( multiple sclerosis). MS, a chronic disabling disease which attacks the central nervous system, currently affects about 100,000 people in the UK and estimates indicate that worldwide prevalence varies from around 10 to 250 per 100,000..[Nicolson:2011]
  • We conducted a qualitative inquiry in order to describe the meaning of women's experiences of living with multiple sclerosis ( MS). Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The majority of persons living with MS are women. Living with MS has been described as difficult because of the uncertainty of the illness. Ten women with MS were interviewed and the interviews were analyzed with a phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation. In this study, we suggest that the meaning of living with MS for women can be understood as trying to maintain power and living with an unrecognizable body. The bodies of women with MS serve as hindrances in everyday life..[Malin:2008]{Human}
  • HHV-6 DNA was detected in 7% of MS patients and in 14% of controls. Results are compared with other investigations of HHV-6 DNA in PBL, serum, CSF and brain of patients with MS. Results of the present study and other investigations do not show an association between HHV-6 in PBL and MS. Multiple Sclerosis (2000) 6, 66 - 68.[Hay:2000]{Human}

[most widely used model]
  • To establish whether it is possible to improve neurogenesis in DS, Ts65Dn mice--the most widely used model for DS--and euploid mice were treated with control or lithium chow for 1 month..[Patrizia:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse is the most widely used model of Down syndrome (DS)..[Llorens-Mart?n:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, the most widely used model of Down syndrome (DS), has a partial trisomy of a segment of chromosome 16 that is homologous to the distal part of human chromosome 21..[Noemí:2011]
  • The isolated, buffer-perfused heart is probably the most widely used model in experimental heart research, and the coronary effluent is often analysed for markers of myocardial injury..[Löwbeer:2002]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The "iterated prisoner's dilemma" is the most widely used model for the evolution of cooperation in biological societies..[Nowak:1993]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Heymann nephritis in the rat is the most widely used model of human membranous glomerulonephritis..[Lundstrom:1993]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • This pattern is similar to that observed with other neurotoxins such as MPTP, the most widely used model of Parkinson's disease, in early Huntington's disease and hypoxic/ischemic injury, suggesting that these conditions might share mechanisms of neurotoxicity..[Noelia:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in dogs is probably the most widely used model for degenerative articular disease..[Johnson:1987]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The use of electronic control devices has expanded worldwide during the last few years, the most widely used model being the Taser..[Mathieu:2011]{Human}
  • Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most widely used model organisms in plant sciences..[Karen:2008]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Over-inhibition is thought to be one of the underlying causes of the cognitive deficits in Ts65Dn mice, the most widely used model of Down syndrome..[Lina:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • A lignan, lariciresinol, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, the most widely used model plant in plant bioscience sectors, for the first time..[Tomoyuki:2008]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The most widely used model was that based on the Jarman-8 index of social deprivation..[Samar:2004]{Human}
  • Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most widely used model systems in biology..[Vanessa:2007]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • However, this technique does not work efficiently in Arabidopsis leaf tissue, the most widely used model system for basic plant biology research..[Shoko:2009]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The database is a portal that allows straightforward retrieval of comprehensive information on sequence, structure and on biochemical and cellular functions of all RNA helicases from the most widely used model organisms Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mouse and human..[Anja:2010]
  • Caenorhabditis elegans has become one of the most widely used model research organisms, yet we have little information on evolutionary processes and recent evolutionary history of this widespread species..[Arjun:2003]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Here, we explore the connections between self-diffusivity, density, and excess entropy for two of the most widely used model "simple" liquids, the equilibrium Lennard-Jones and square-well fluids, in both bulk and confined environments..[Jeetain:2007]
  • The MPTP-treated mouse has been the most widely used model for assessing neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease..[Patricia:2008]{Human}
  • Octanol-1/water partitioning currently provides the most widely used model system to simulate both phospholipid target lipids and triglyceride storage lipids..[Heinrich:2003]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • This remarkable potential, together with the development of robust gene targeting strategies in mESCs, were essential for establishing the mouse as the most widely used model organism in biomedical research..[Hockemeyer:2011]

[model, multiple sclerosis]
  • Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is an animal model for demyelinating autoimmune disease of central nervous system, whose clinical and pathological characteristics resemble those in human disease multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease followed by central nervous system demyelination, which is the result of an autoimmune process followed by central nervous system infiltration with autoreactive lymphocytes, activated macrophages and by local production of proinflammatory cytokines..[Lukinović-Skudar:2001]{Human}

[models/most used models, multiple sclerosis]
  • In this paper we reviewed fundamental and new facts about the most used models, induction, clinical and immunological characteristics of the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in comparison with multiple sclerosis. Aethology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis are still unknown, but experiments on its animal models have improved our knowledge, not only about multiple sclerosis, but autoimmune diseases in general..[Lukinović-Skudar:2001]{Human}

[ms, multiple sclerosis]
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) and its treatment have broad-ranging effects on quality of life. This article reviews recent efforts to assess the impact of MS on activities of daily living (ADLs) and health-related quality of life (HRQL), and describes the development of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI)..[Fischer:1999]{Human}
  • Fatigue is a frequent symptom of multiple sclerosis ( MS). It has been reported to varying degrees at all stages of the disease by 50 to 90% of all MS patients..[Debouverie:2009]{Human}
  • We introduce a computerized instrument, MS-CANE ( Multiple Sclerosis Computer-Aided Neurological Examination), for clinical evaluation and follow up of patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS) and to compare its reliability to that of conventional Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment..[Cohen:2000]{Human}
  • Circulating immune complexes were looked for on 38 clinically definite MS ( multiple sclerosis) patients compared to 35 other neurological patients and 26 healthy subjects. 29% of the MS sera and 8.6% of the other neurological sera were positive, whereas none of the control sera were positive..[Davous:1978]{Human}
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an incurable neurological illness that frequently causes chronic disability..[Khan:1996]{Human}
  • Detection frequency of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) DNA in multiple sclerosis ( MS) patients and controls was investigated..[Hay:2000]{Human}
  • Dysfunction of the BBB (blood-brain barrier) is a major hallmark of MS ( multiple sclerosis)..[Stephen:2009]{Human}
  • In 1868 Jean-Martin Charcot's clinicopathological correlation of multiple sclerosis ( MS) was published..[Frith:1989]{Human}
  • Fatigue is a frequent symptom in multiple sclerosis ( MS) that can interfere with a patient's daily functioning. The cause of MS fatigue, its clinical characteristics, and its relationship to other symptoms remain poorly understood. Structured interviews were conducted with 32 patients with MS and 33 normal healthy adults. Fatigue proved to be both more frequent and more severe among the patients with MS. Multiple sclerosis fatigue was unrelated to either depression or global impairment. Multiple sclerosis fatigue appears to be a distinct clinical entity, often disabling, that can be distinguished from normal fatigue, affective disturbance, and neurologic impairment..[Krupp:1988]{Human}
  • T-cell clones derived from the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) of MS ( multiple sclerosis) patients have been analysed for the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)..[Buttinelli:1994]{Human}
  • Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized pathologically by a perivascular infiltrate consisting predominantly of T cells and macrophages..[Jorge:2008]{Human}
  • Chemokines and their receptors are known to mediate inflammation and tissue damage in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis ( MS). Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, characterized by myelin damage and neurological complications. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) interacts with the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and plays a role in the migration of leukocytes into the central nervous system, thus contributing to the T cell-mediated pathogenesis of MS. Genomic DNA obtained from 58 MS patients and 72 healthy controls was tested for the MCP-1 -2518 A>G and CCR2 Val64Ile polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Neither the MCP-1 -2518G (p=0.43) nor the CCR2 64Ile (p=0.52) variant contributed to the risk of MS in Tunisians..[Messadi:2010]{Human}
  • MS ( multiple sclerosis) is a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative pathology of the CNS (central nervous system) affecting approx. 2.5 million people worldwide..[Yossan-Var:2011]

[ms, insular sclerosis]
  • Newman, a young physician returning from Aberdeen University, made first mention of MS in the Australian literature when he gave a dissertation entitled 'On insular sclerosis of the brain and spinal cord' which was based on Charcot's teachings. In 1886 Dr Jamieson presented the first case in Australia which fulfilled the criteria for clinically definite MS. This was followed by several other interesting case presentations of MS but it was not until 1915 that Drs Froude Flashman and Oliver Latham presented the first Australian clinicopathological correlation of this disease. Case presentations and extensive discussions regarding the cause of MS appeared in Australian medical journals over the ensuing years but no original Australian research was presented until 1933 when Dr Royle's work on division of the thoracic sympathetic trunk was published. Since that time Australians have made an ever-increasing contribution to the world literature regarding MS pathogenesis, epidemiology and treatment..[Frith:1989]{Human}

[multiple sclerosis]
  • Multiple Sclerosis (2000) 6 355 - 361.[Cohen:2000]{Human}
  • The Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines recommends the use of a 21-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale which is a shortened version of the 40-item Fatigue Impact Scale..[Debouverie:2009]{Human}

[most, ms, used, widely used]
  • In the treatment of acute attacks, corticosteroids are widely used to speed recovery from disability. Recently, methylprednisolone administered in megadose pulses was reported to reduce the conversion rate of patients with optic neuritis to MS. The beneficial effect of treatment was most apparent in patients with abnormal MRI scans. Among the immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs that have been used to prevent progression or reduce relapses, interferon beta 1b is the first medication confirmed to reduce accumulations of MRI detected lesions..[Ozawa:1996]{Human}

[model/models, ms, multiple sclerosis/sclerosis, study, used]
  • Gompertzian analysis has been used in this study to provide the parameters necessary to construct a stationary population lifetable (static model) of mortality for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and for multiple sclerosis ( MS). The static model demonstrates the relative effect of changing general mortality upon the mortality from each specific disease in a situation where interdisease competition is continuously changing. In order to represent mortality in a real population more closely (where age structure is not the result of mortality rates alone) a dynamic model was constructed for both conditions using the age distributions of the population of England and Wales. The quality of the model was verified by comparison of estimated mortality with historical data from the last three decades. The dynamic model has then been used to estimate mortality from each condition over the next three decades on the basis of population projections made by the Central Statistical Office [2], assuming no major change in the factors which lead to either condition. This analysis demonstrates both the theoretical applicability and practical capabilities of Gompertz-derived mortality models for analysing changing mortality patterns..[Neilson:1993]{Human}

[most, ms, widely used]
  • Most fatigue scales have been developed in the English language and are culturally specific to their country of origin. The Fatigue Severity Scale is a one-dimensional nine-item scale which briefly assesses the impact of fatigue on the daily lives of MS patients. It has been widely used in different studies, even though it appears to be less relevant than the multi-dimensional 40-item Fatigue Impact Scale which was developed in Canada by Fisk et al (1994)..[Debouverie:2009]{Human}

[models, ms model]
  • VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide) have potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions, and have shown significant activity in animal inflammatory disease models including the EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) MS model..[Yossan-Var:2011]

[ms, widely used]
  • Several widely used disease-modifying agents are approved for the treatment of MS..[Jorge:2008]{Human}

[ms, used, widely]
  • Following a widely accepted methodology, we developed a comprehensive set of quality indicators for MS care that can be used to assess quality of care and guide the design of interventions to improve care among persons with MS..[Eric:2010]{Human}

[model, ms/widely used ms, multiple]
  • Although clinical observations provide only indirect or insufficient evidence for an influence of sex steroids on the progress of MS, experimental studies have shown that estrogens and progestins exert multiple beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used MS disease model..[Martine:2010]{Human}

  • [model, ms, multiple]
    • This makes EAE a very versatile system to use in translational neuro- and immunopharmacology, but the model needs to be tailored to the scientific question being asked. While creating difficulties and underscoring the inherent weaknesses of this model of MS in straightforward translation from EAE to the human disease, this variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of the immune and neural mechanisms of immune mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms..[Cris:2011]

[model/models, most widely used]
  • This paper gives an overview of epidemiological modelling, with an introduction to the Actuarial Society of South Africa (ASSA) model, the most widely used such model for South Africa. The APM produces projections of HIV prevalence, new infections, and AIDS mortality on a company, based on the anonymous HIV testing of company employees, and projections from the ASSA model. A smoothed statistical model of the prevalence test data is computed, and then the ASSA model projection for each category of employees is adjusted so that it matches the measured prevalence in the year of testing. FURTHER Further techniques that could be developed are microsimulation (representing individuals in the computer), scenario planning for testing strategies, and models for the business environment, such as models of entire sectors, and mapping of HIV prevalence in time and space, based on workplace and community data..[Alan:2007]{Human}
  • Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy (cxmd) is the best representation of DMD, but the phenotype of the most widely used golden retriever (GRMD) model is variable, making functional endpoints difficult to ascertain. Although each mammalian model has its limitations, together they have been essential for the development of several treatment strategies for DMD that target dystrophin replacement, disease progression, and muscle regeneration..[Glen:2009]{Human}

[most, ms, multiple]
  • The observed pattern of fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals suggests the presence of multiple copies of MSRV pol sequences, most likely tandemly dispersed in the genome. It can be concluded that MSRV pol sequences are endogenous, widespread in lymphocytes DNA, and transcribed into RNA of MS patients as well as of other studied patients and healthy individuals. However, more frequent expression of MSRV sequences detected in lymphocytes RNA (cDNA), as well as their presence in higher frequency in the serum of MS patients, may suggest the involvement of MSRV in the etiopathogenesis on MS..[Jerzy:2003]{Human}

[models, ms, study]
  • Generally, investigations in EAE are more suitable for the analysis of immunogenetic elements (major histocompatibility complex restriction and candidate risk genes) and for the study of histopathological features (inflammation, demyelination and degeneration) of the disease than for screening of new treatments. Recent studies in new EAE models, especially in transgenic ones, have in connection with new analytical techniques such as microarray assays provided a deeper insight into the pathogenic cellular and molecular mechanisms of EAE and potentially of MS..[Eilhard:2010]{Human}

[model, ms, used]
  • The counter-regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions in general. EAE has a complex neuropharmacology and many of the drugs that are in current or imminent use in MS have been developed, tested, or validated on the basis of EAE studies..[Cris:2011]
  • The counter-regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions in general. EAE has a complex neuropharmacology, and many of the drugs that are in current or imminent use in MS have been developed, tested or validated on the basis of EAE studies..[Cris:2011]
  • In regard to TCV, attenuated, pathogenic T cells are similarly used to instruct the immune system to recognize and neutralize disease-inducing T cells. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, pathogenic T cells use a strikingly limited number of variable-region elements (V region) to form TCR specific for defined autoantigens..[Jorge:2008]{Human}

[ms, widely]
  • Despite decades of hectic research and better understanding of immunological mechanisms involving human CNS disease, the cause of MS remains unknown. However, it is widely believed that MS is the result of an autoimmune disorder in a genetically susceptible individual, mediated by autoreactive T cells that migrate into the CNS and initiate the inflammatory demyelinating lesion. Regardless of the plausibility of this theory and without going into details, several aspects of immune mediated pathology of MS remain unexplained. This is an attempt to review the status of current therapy and future prospects in the treatment of MS..[Khan:1996]{Human}

[models, ms]
  • This review critically discusses models, acquisition, and postprocessing approaches that are currently available for DT MR imaging, as well as their limitations and possible improvements, to provide a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this technique and a background for designing diffusion studies in MS..[Pagani:2007]{Human}
  • This review will focus on our current understanding of the role of CD8(+) T cells in MS and the new animal models that allow us to investigate further the pathogenicity of this subset..[Joan:2005]{Human}

[model/most widely used model, models, used]
  • Mouse models of colitis have been major tools in understanding the pathogenesis of IBD. A number of mouse models are available to assess the contribution of T cells in the pathogenesis of CD and UC. Among these, the T cell transfer model of colitis is the most widely used model to dissect the initiation, induction, and regulation of immunopathology in chronic colitis mediated by T cells. The methodology below describes the classification of various animal models and explains the T cell transfer model in detail, including flow cytometry-based isolation of naïve T cells that are used in the transfer, immunological concepts, detailed immune-pathological assessment, shortcomings of the model, and the latest improvements to this colitis model. A special focus is paid to the utilisation of the T cell transfer model in delineating the immunopathology in a primary epithelial defect model of colitis, namely Winnie..[Rajaraman:2012]
  • Radiobiological models are used in modern radiotherapy to evaluate the biological effects of different treatment plans or modalities. A radiobiological model typically converts a physical quantity (e.g. absorbed dose) to a biological quantity (e.g. cell survival fraction). Currently, the linear-quadratic model (LQM) is the most widely used model. Since it is a deterministic model, the LQM naturally ignores the uncertainties arising from the stochastic randomness of energy depositions along radiation tracks and the inherent unpredictable nature of biological systems..[C-K:2010]{Human}

[most, ms, study]
  • However, the heterogeneity of the immune response in MS patients requires further study to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from APL therapy. Other potential approaches for vaccines in MS include vaccination against axonal growth inhibitors associated with myelin, use of dendritic cells pulsed with specific antigens, and active vaccination against proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, vaccines for MS represent promising approaches for the treatment of this devastating disease, as well as other autoimmune diseases..[Jorge:2008]{Human}

[ms, clinical studies, used]
  • These promising experimental results should encourage the launch of prospective clinical studies to clarify the influence of hormones on the course of MS and the effect of hormone treatments, in particular those presently used in contraception and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)..[Martine:2010]{Human}

[ms, study, used]
  • We used the EMIF-SEP scale to study fatigue in French MS patients..[Debouverie:2009]{Human}

[model, ms]
  • In a CD8(+) T cell model targeting myelin basic protein, clinical signs and pathology distinct from CD4(+) T cell-mediated disease were observed that exhibited similarities to some aspects of MS..[Joan:2005]{Human}

[model, widely]
  • We conclude that in this widely studied animal model of human ALS, and in this single human case, motor neuron pathology begins at the distal axon and proceeds in a "dying back" pattern..[Lindsey:2004]{Human}

[most, ms]
  • Kurtzke's EDSS remains the most widely-used measure for clinical evaluation of MS patients..[Cohen:2000]{Human}
  • Among the most highly rated MS care domains were appropriateness and timeliness of the diagnostic work-up, bladder dysfunction, cognition dysfunction, depression, disease-modifying agent usage, fatigue, integration of care, and spasticity..[Eric:2010]{Human}
  • Results have revealed that TJ abnormalities were most common in active lesions (42% of vessels affected), but were also present in inactive lesions (23%) and in MS normal-appearing white matter (13%)..[Stephen:2009]{Human}

[model/most widely used model, models]
  • Two theoretical models, Karasek's model and the Effort-Reward Imbalance model, have been developed to evaluate psychosocial factors at work within specific conceptual frameworks in an attempt to take into account the serious methodological difficulties inherent in the evaluation of such factors. Karasek's model, the most widely used model, measures three factors: psychological demands, decision latitude and social support at work..[Niedhammer:1999]{Human}

[ms, used]
  • These values may be used to consider the health-related quality of life of people with MS, to estimate quality adjusted life-years for use in effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analyses, and to inform health policy decisions..[Hawton:2011]

[most, multiple sclerosis/sclerosis]
  • The most frequently occurring ailments that are connected with neurodegeneration are: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis..[Pawe?:2010]

[widely used]
  • The next functional imaging technique widely used in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders is single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)..[Pawe?:2010]

[models, most]
  • Assessing lung mechanical function is essentially an exercise in system identification, whereby measurements of pressures and flows made at certain sites are linked in terms of mathematical models. Most often, the lung is assumed to function as a linear dynamic system, allowing determination of its input impedance over a range of frequencies..[Jason:2009]{Human}

[models, most widely used model/used]
  • There are three mammalian models of DMD that have been used to understand better the pathogenesis of disease and develop therapeutic strategies. The mdx mouse is the most widely used model of DMD that displays some features of muscle degeneration, but the pathogenesis of disease is comparatively mild..[Glen:2009]{Human}

  • [models, used]
    • We provide extensive in silico modeling results of the missense mutations and show experimental data, suggesting loss-of-function phenotypes for several models, including Mc4r and Lpar1. Taken together, the approach used resulted not only in a set of novel gene knockouts, but also in allelic series of more subtle amino acid variants, similar as commonly observed in human disease..[van:2010]

[model/models/most widely used model, most, study]
  • The molecular dissections of the mechanistic pathways involved in human disease have always relied on the use of model organisms. Among the higher mammalian organisms, the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) is the most widely used model. A large number of commercially-available, inbred strains are available to the community, including an ever growing collection of transgenic, knock-out, and disease models. Coupled to availability is the fact that animal colonies can be kept under standardized housing condition at most major universities and research institutes, with relative ease and cost efficiency (compared to larger vertebrates). As such, mouse models to study human biology and disease remains extremely attractive. In the current review we will provide an historic overview of the use of mouse models in proteome research with a focus on general tissue and organelle biology, comparative proteomics of human and mouse and the use of mouse models to study cardiac disease..[Thomas:2010]{Human}

[model, most]
  • Most were female (85.5%) with a varying range of years of experience. Most worked in community and/or inpatient mental health settings; 92.1% responded that they use MOHO as their primary model..[Sun:2012]
  • Nonetheless, we show that the implications of confinement for the self-diffusivity of both of these model fluids, over a broad range of equilibrium conditions, can be predicted on the basis of knowledge of the bulk fluid behavior and either the effective packing fraction or the excess entropy of the confined fluid. Excess entropy is perhaps the most preferable route due to its superior predictive ability and because it is a standard, unambiguous thermodynamic quantity that can be readily predicted via classical density functional theories of inhomogeneous fluids..[Jeetain:2007]

[ms]
  • In 1993, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Betaseron for the treatment of MS. Todate, this is the only drug approved by the FDA, specifically for the treatment of MS..[Khan:1996]{Human}
  • During the early relapsing/remitting stages of MS, myelin can regenerate, but as the disease progresses the remyelination of axons becomes insufficient, leading to impaired axon conduction, neurodegeneration and the worsening of symptoms. The present pharmacological treatment of MS is limited to the administration of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs, which are only palliative and do not significantly slow progress of the disease..[Martine:2010]{Human}
  • In conclusion, the cannabinoid-induced changes in the RIII reflex threshold and area in patients with MS provide objective neurophysiological evidence that cannabinoids modulate the nociceptive system in patients with MS..[Antonella:2009]{Human}
  • The MSRV pol sequences have been analyzed in RNA isolated from the serum and in DNA and RNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated MS patients and control groups..[Jerzy:2003]{Human}
  • The new insights may help to identify novel targets for the treatment of MS..[Eilhard:2010]{Human}
  • The results suggest that IC (immune complex) are more frequent during the first 10 years of the MS disease, in patients with blood-brain barrier damage and in patients without oligoclonal IgG..[Davous:1978]{Human}
  • At the same time, the women with MS struggle to protect their dignity..[Malin:2008]{Human}
  • We examined the chromosome 3p21-24 region in 125 MS families (322 total affecteds and 200 affected sib-pairs), and performed genetic analyses of CCR5 and CCR2B loci and two nearby markers (D3S1289 and D3S1300) using both linkage- and association-based tests. No evidence of linkage to MS was observed for any of the tested markers..[Barcellos:2000]{Human}
  • The disease of MS itself has a severe impact on psychological well-being and quality of life..[Nicolson:2011]
  • To determine the effect of MS-CANE on the reliability of EDSS assessment, 56 MS patients underwent paired conventional EDSS and MS-CANE-based evaluations..[Cohen:2000]{Human}
  • Increased levels of OPN were reported in plasma and CSF of MS patients in comparison to healthy controls..[Manjit:2010]{Human}
  • The large quantities of TNF produced by CSF-T cell clones suggest an important role for this cytokine in MS immunopathogenesis..[Buttinelli:1994]{Human}
  • In the serum RNA (cDNA), MSRV pol sequences have been identified in 31/32 MS patients..[Jerzy:2003]{Human}
  • These therapeutic agents slow progression and reduce severity at early stages of MS, but show little activity on the neurodegenerative component of the disease..[Yossan-Var:2011]

[numerous, used]
  • A single exposure of an electronic control device on healthy individuals can be assumed to be generally safe, according to 23 prospective human experimental studies and numerous volunteer exposures. In case series, however, electronic control devices could have deleterious effects when used in the field, in particular if persons receive multiple exposures, are intoxicated, show signs of "excited delirium," or present with medical comorbidities..[Mathieu:2011]{Human}

[model/most widely used model, study]
  • The rat carotid injury model is the most widely used model to study the pathophysiology of neointimal hyperplasia as well as the value of novel therapeutic approaches to limit vasoproliferative diseases such as restenosis..[Rainer:2004]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • To date, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is the most widely used model internationally. The aim of this study is to document practitioners' perceptions of how using MOHO impacted on their practice. Methods: A descriptive study using an Internet-based survey study design was conducted with 429 therapists in six National Health Service (NHS) trusts in the UK..[Sun:2012]

  • [model, study]
    • As such, the author proposes to start developing a new multi-scale radiobiological model based on the "bottom-up" approach. The model includes a Monte Carlo procedure to treat the stochastic randomness of radiation-induced DNA damages, and it also includes the relevant intercellular and intracellular pathways to allow the DNA damages to evolve into higher-order biological endpoints, e.g. chromosome aberrations, cell death, or tumorigenesis. Because of its stochastic nature, the new model inherently addresses the uncertainty issue being ignored by LQM. More importantly perhaps is that the model opens a new way to study radiation effects that involve biological pathways, and therefore, may have a profound impact on radiotherapy in the future..[C-K:2010]{Human}
    • Conclusion/Implications: This study examined therapists' perceived impact of using an occupation-focused model in mental health practice. The findings of this study provided promising results..[Sun:2012]

[models]
  • Genetic tools similar to those proven routine in the mouse system are needed to realize the full potential of human pluripotent cells as disease models and putative therapeutics..[Hockemeyer:2011]
  • M. (1976) Nature (London) 261, 459-467], "simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics" have been found in many biological applications, but here we provide an example of a biologically relevant evolutionary game whose dynamics display deterministic chaos..[Nowak:1993]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[model/models/most widely used model, used]
  • The Cox proportional hazards model is the most widely used model for survival analysis because of its simplicity. The fundamental assumption in this model is the proportionality of the hazard function. When this condition is not met, other modifications or other models must be used for analysis of survival data..[Farid:2007]{Human}
  • One such use is in the field of cancer biology, where a 3D tumor model that accurately recreates the in vivo tumor phenotype would be a valuable tool for studying tumor biology and would allow better preclinical evaluation of anticancer drug candidates. The most widely used model involves small cellular aggregates, termed spheroids, which have been used by cancer biologists for decades and have consistently shown the superiority of 3D tissue culture over standard two-dimensional monolayer culture for mimicking the tumor behavior and drug resistance encountered in vivo. Currently, several research groups have begun to adapt more advanced 3D culture techniques from the tissue engineering field to create a more clinically accurate ex vivo model of tumor biology..[Emily:2010]{Human}

[study, used]
  • To interpret the mechanism of action of such aging interventions, studies to characterize normal worm aging, similar to those used to study worm development are necessary. We have used 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to investigate the integrity of nuclei and quantify the nuclear genome copy number of C. elegans with age..[Tamara:2007]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • An in vitro cell culture system used to study intestinal absorption of carotenoids is presented..[Alexandrine:2004]{Human}
  • Of the 18 patients recruited and randomized 17 completed the study. After patients used a commercial delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol mixture as an oromucosal spray the RIII reflex threshold increased and RIII reflex area decreased..[Antonella:2009]{Human}

[multiple]
  • Quantitative pathological analysis was performed in the same mice at multiple ages at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), ventral roots, and spinal cord..[Lindsey:2004]{Human}
  • It has multiple immunological functions and is secreted by activated macrophages, leukocytes and activated T lymphocytes..[Manjit:2010]{Human}

[numerous]
  • At the electron microscope level, the L2 cells are seen to be attached by cell junctions, and their predominant morphological features include extensive networks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous clathrin-coated pits found on the cell membrane..[Lundstrom:1993]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The complications of electronic control device exposure are numerous but often recognizable, usually resulting from barbed dart injuries or from falls..[Mathieu:2011]{Human}

[most/most widely used model]
  • S-Allylcysteine (SAC), the most abundant organosulfur compound in aged garlic extract, has multifunctional activity via different mechanisms and neuroprotective effects that are exerted probably via its antioxidant or free radical scavenger action. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse has been the most widely used model for assessing neuroprotective agents for Parkinson's disease. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) is the stable metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and it causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity..[Patricia:2010]

  • [most]
    • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy..[Glen:2009]{Human}
    • For both regeneration of interrupted fibers and collateral regeneration from intact fibers histological and physiological measures of "time to target" have the advantages of direct correlation with restoration of function, the ability to assess regeneration of different fiber types efficiently, and the fact that most of these measures are easier in the mouse than in the rat..[John:2010]{Human}
    • The database is structured according to the most recent helicase classification into helicase superfamilies (SFs) and families, and thus emphasizes phyologenetic relations between RNA helicases as well..[Anja:2010]
    • One-half of the loci were monomorphic among all strains, and overall genetic variation at microsatellite loci was low, relative to most other species..[Arjun:2003]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[model]
  • More recently, the Effort-Reward Imbalance model takes into account the role of individual coping characteristics which was neglected in the Karasek model. The effort-reward imbalance model focuses on the reciprocity of exchange in occupational life where high-cost/low-gain conditions are considered particularly stressful..[Niedhammer:1999]{Human}
  • The conventional gravity model, however, is static. The investigation in this paper is based on a dynamic version of the gravity model proposed by Dendrinos and Sonis by modifying the conventional gravity model [D..[Xiaoyan:2003]
  • Subsequently, the model was applied to validate the therapeutic effect of gene transfer into the vessel wall and compared with histomorphometry. We show that duplex sonography in the experimental carotid injury model allows accurate follow-up of lesion development in vivo with low intra- and interobserver variability..[Rainer:2004]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The cardiovascular and gastrointestinal phenotypes of the mouse model were similar to those of patients with Down syndrome. This new mouse model represents a powerful tool to further understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Down syndrome..[Zhongyou:2007]{Human}
  • The dynamic model describes the variations of O-D flows over discrete-time periods, such as each day, each week, and so on..[Xiaoyan:2003]
  • Critical analysis of the model revealed that parameters such as the breed of dog, its age, weight, amount of exercise and technique of surgery may influence the onset and severity of lesions..[Johnson:1987]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • An overview of computational modelling of the impact of AIDS on business in South Africa, with a detailed description of the AIDS Projection Model (APM) for companies, developed by the author, and suggestions for further work..[Alan:2007]{Human}
  • Therefore, we suggest a model where factors that influence variability such as the usage of different pots and harvesting on different times are taken into account in the analyses..[Karen:2008]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • When the dimension is higher, the behavior found in the model includes equilibria, oscillations, periodic doubling, and chaos..[Xiaoyan:2003]
  • Our model links the principle of DoL with principles in the statistical mechanics and provides testable hypotheses for future experiments..[Thomas:2011]{Human}
  • The DT model of diffusion, however, is not sufficient to characterize the diffusion properties of the brain when complex populations of fibers are present in a single voxel, and new ways to address this issue have been proposed..[Pagani:2007]{Human}

[model/most widely used model]
  • The interpretation of impedance in physiological terms is central to its utility as a diagnostic tool, and is best done with reference to a suitable mathematical model. Currently, the most widely used model for animal studies of lung disease consists of a single flow-resistive airway serving a uniformly ventilated alveolar region surrounded by tissue having a constant-phase impedance. This model has also been employed in human studies, and allows the mechanical properties of the lungs to be subdivided into those reflecting the conducting airway tree and those due to the behavior of the lung periphery. The parameters of this model have been shown in animals to change characteristically following interventions that mimic human pathologies such as asthma and acute lung injury..[Jason:2009]{Human}

[model/model system/models]
  • However, the real power of the mouse as a model lies in mouse genetics. The development of inbred mouse strains facilitated gene discovery as well as our understanding of gene function and regulation while the development of tools to introduce precise genetic modifications uniquely positioned the mouse as a powerful model system for uncovering gene function. However, all models have limitations; the small size of the mouse limits tissue availability and manipulations that can be performed and differences in physiology among species may make it inappropriate to extrapolate from the mouse to other species. Thus, rather than extrapolating directly from the mouse to other species, it may be more useful to use the mouse as a model system for developing and refining hypotheses to be tested directly in species of interest. In this brief review, the value of the preimplantation mouse embryo as a model is considered, both as a model for other species and as a model for the mouse, as understanding the virtues and limitations of the mouse as a model system is essential to its appropriate use..[Robert:2007]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}

[used]
  • To test the hypothesis that Olig triplication causes the neurological phenotype, we used a genetic approach to normalize the dosage of these two genes and thereby rescued the inhibitory neuron phenotype in the Ts65Dn brain..[Lina:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • This review aimed to clarify the concept of need, explore the different approaches used to assess need, and contribute to an improved understanding of predictor and intervening factors in assessing need for mental health services..[Samar:2004]{Human}
  • In this chapter, we discuss the strategies that have been used to allow specific genetic modifications in human pluripotent cells..[Hockemeyer:2011]

[study]
  • In this study the effects of physical exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and behavior in TS mice were assessed. 10-12 month-old male TS and control (CO) mice were submitted to voluntary physical exercise for 7 weeks and the effects of this protocol on hippocampal morphology, neurogenesis and apoptosis were evaluated..[Llorens-Mart?n:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The aims of the present study were to investigate the importance of the preanalytical phase when measuring cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in a buffer perfusate and to investigate whether addition of albumin to the effluent might increase recovery of cTnT and improve the assay..[Löwbeer:2002]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • Our study shows that lithium is able to restore cell proliferation in the SVZ of the Ts65Dn mouse and point at treatments with mood stabilizers as a potential tool to improve neurogenesis in patients with DS..[Patrizia:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • In the present study we have evaluated brain expression levels of several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial (Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Bax and Bad) and the extrinsic (Fas-R and Fas-L) apoptotic pathways as well as the final executioner caspase-3, in the cortex and hippocampus of TS mice..[Noemí:2011]
  • In order to be able to easily harvest and study both roots and shoots, and to allow simple exposure to water-soluble toxic substances, a hydroponic system is the desired cultivation method for controlled plant growth..[Karen:2008]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • This study examined the selective neuroanatomical pattern of dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by METH in the mouse striatum..[Noelia:2010]{Non-Human,Non-Trail,Non-Review,Non-Guidline}
  • The anatomical study found symmetrical cavitations involving both hemispheres and optic tracts with clear-cut limits..[Lhermitte:1982]{Human}
  • Other therapies that require further definitive study include intravenous cyclophosphamide and oral methotrexate or azathioprine..[Ozawa:1996]{Human}