Clean Citation Style 002
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Garg, Naveen; Kumar, NikhilDual Half-Integrality for Uncrossable Cut Cover and Its Application to Maximum Half-Integral Flow. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2020: 55:1-55:13
Given an edge weighted graph and a forest \(F\), the em 2-edge connectivity augmentation problem is to pick a minimum weighted set of edges, \(E'\), such that every connected component of \(E'\cup F\) is 2-edge connected. Williamson et al. gave a 2-approximation algorithm (WGMV) for this problem using the primal-dual schema. We show that when edge weights are integral, the WGMV procedure can be modified to obtain a half-integral dual. The 2-edge connectivity augmentation problem has an interesting connection to routing flow in graphs where the union of supply and demand is planar. The half-integrality of the dual leads to a tight 2-approximate max-half-integral-flow min-multicut theorem.
Bläsius, Thomas; Friedrich, Tobias; Schirneck, MartinThe Minimization of Random Hypergraphs. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2020: 21:1-21:15
We investigate the maximum-entropy model \(\mathcal{B}_{n,m,p}\) for random \(n\)-vertex, \(m\)-edge multi-hypergraphs with expected edge size \(pn\). We show that the expected size of the minimization \(\min(\mathcal{B}_{n,m,p})\), i.e., the number of inclusion-wise minimal edges of \(\mathcal{B}_{n,m,p}\), undergoes a phase transition with respect to \(m\). If \(m\) is at most \(1/(1-p)^(1-p)n}\), then \(\mathrm{E[|\min(\mathcal{B}_{n,m,p})|]\) is of order \(\Theta(m)\), while for \(m ge 1/(1-p)^(1-p+\varepsilon)n}\) for any \(\varepsilon > 0\), it is \(\Theta( 2^(\mathrm{H(\alpha) + (1-\alpha) \log_2 p) n/ \sqrt{n})\). Here, \(\mathrm{H}\) denotes the binary entropy function and \(alpha = - (\log_{1-p m)/n\). The result implies that the maximum expected number of minimal edges over all \(m\) is \(\Theta((1+p)^n/\sqrt{n})\). Our structural findings have algorithmic implications for minimizing an input hypergraph. This has applications in the profiling of relational databases as well as for the Orthogonal Vectors problem studied in fine-grained complexity. We make several technical contributions that are of independent interest in probability. First, we improve the Chernoff--Hoeffding theorem on the tail of the binomial distribution. In detail, we show that for a binomial variable \(Y sim \mathrm{Bin(n,p)\) and any \(0 < x < p\), it holds that \(\mathrm{P[Y le xn] = \Theta( 2^-\!\mathrm{D(x \,\|}\, p) n}/\sqrt{n})\), where \(\mathrm{D}\) is the binary Kullback--Leibler divergence between Bernoulli distributions. We give explicit upper and lower bounds on the constants hidden in the big-O notation that hold for all \(n\). Secondly, we establish the fact that the probability of a set of cardinality \(i\) being minimal after \(m\) i.i.d. maximum-entropy trials exhibits a sharp threshold behavior at \(i^* = n + \log_{1-p m\).
Arndt, Tobias; Hafner, Danijar; Kellermeier, Thomas; Krogmann, Simon; Razmjou, Armin; Krejca, Martin S.; Rothenberger, Ralf; Friedrich, TobiasProbabilistic Routing for On-Street Parking Search. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2016: 6:1-6:13
An estimated \(30\%\) of urban traffic is caused by search for parking spots. Traffic could be reduced by suggesting effective routes leading along potential parking spots. In this paper, we formalize parking search as a probabilistic problem on a road graph and show that it is NP-complete. We explore heuristics that optimize for the driving duration and the walking distance to the destination. Routes are constrained to reach a certain probability threshold of finding a spot. Empirically estimated probabilities of successful parking attempts are provided by TomTom on a per-street basis. We release these probabilities as a dataset of about 80,000 roads covering the Berlin area. This allows to evaluate parking search algorithms on a real road network with realistic probabilities for the first time. However, for many other areas, parking probabilities are not openly available. Because they are effortful to collect, we propose an algorithm that relies on conventional road attributes only. Our experiments show that this algorithm comes close to the baseline by a factor of 1.3 in our cost measure. This leads to the conclusion that conventional road attributes may be sufficient to compute reasonably good parking search routes.
Baum, Moritz; Bläsius, Thomas; Gemsa, Andreas; Rutter, Ignaz; Wegner, FranziskaScalable Exact Visualization of Isocontours in Road Networks via Minimum-Link Paths. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2016: 7:1-7:18
Isocontours in road networks represent the area that is reachable from a source within a given resource limit. We study the problem of computing accurate isocontours in realistic, large-scale networks. We propose isocontours represented by polygons with minimum number of segments that separate reachable and unreachable components of the network. Since the resulting problem is not known to be solvable in polynomial time, we introduce several heuristics that run in (almost) linear time and are simple enough to be implemented in practice. A key ingredient is a new practical linear-time algorithm for minimum-link paths in simple polygons. Experiments in a challenging realistic setting show excellent performance of our algorithms in practice, computing near-optimal solutions in a few milliseconds on average, even for long ranges.
Bläsius, Thomas; Friedrich, Tobias; Krohmer, AntonHyperbolic Random Graphs: Separators and Treewidth. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2016: 15:1-15:16
When designing and analyzing algorithms, one can obtain better and more realistic results for practical instances by assuming a certain probability distribution on the input. The worst-case run-time is then replaced by the expected run-time or by bounds that hold with high probability (whp), i.e., with probability \(1 - O(1/n)\), on the random input. Hyperbolic random graphs can be used to model complex real-world networks as they share many important properties such as a small diameter, a large clustering coefficient, and a power-law degree-distribution. Divide and conquer is an important algorithmic design principle that works particularly well if the instance admits small separators. We show that hyperbolic random graphs in fact have comparatively small separators. More precisely, we show that a hyperbolic random graph can be expected to have a balanced separator hierarchy with separators of size \(O(\sqrt{n^{(3-\beta)}})\), \(O(\log n)\), and \(O(1)\) if \(2 < \beta < 3\), \(\beta = 3\) and \(3 < \beta\), respectively (\(\beta\) is the power-law exponent). We infer that these graphs have whp a treewidth of \(O(\sqrt{n^{(3 - \beta)}})\), \(O(\log^{2}n)\), and \(O(\log n)\), respectively. For \(2 < \beta < 3\), this matches a known lower bound. For the more realistic (but harder to analyze) binomial model, we still prove a sublinear bound on the treewidth. To demonstrate the usefulness of our results, we apply them to obtain fast matching algorithms and an approximation scheme for Independent Set.
Bläsius, Thomas; Friedrich, Tobias; Krohmer, Anton; Laue, SörenEfficient Embedding of Scale-Free Graphs in the Hyperbolic Plane. European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) 2016: 16:1-16:18
EATCS Best Paper Award
Hyperbolic geometry appears to be intrinsic in many large real networks. We construct and implement a new maximum likelihood estimation algorithm that embeds scale-free graphs in the hyperbolic space. All previous approaches of similar embedding algorithms require a runtime of \(\Omega(n^{2})\). Our algorithm achieves quasilinear runtime, which makes it the first algorithm that can embed networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes in less than one hour. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on artificial and real networks. In all typical metrics like Log-likelihood and greedy routing our algorithm discovers embeddings that are very close to the ground truth.